The Value of the Rainforest
A Study of Students, Costa Ricans, And
Tourists in Protected Areas
Karen Schaper
7/14/01
In chapter two of Conserving the World’s Biological Diversity, by McNeely, et al., the authors discuss a system for classifying the values of biodiversity and rain forests. The following paper critiques the system of McNeely, et al. and makes modifications to this classification. Furthermore, it examines the differences between values that tourists, Costa Ricans, and students place on biodiversity by using a survey created based on the modified classification system. A similar, yet smaller study of English speaking adults living in Paris is also completed. Results show that the values placed on biodiversity by tourists and students differ from those of Costa Ricans. Also, all four groups interviewed rank consumptive use as the least favorable value.
Introduction
The classification system as discussed by McNeely et al. in Conserving the World’s Biodiversity differentiates between various values of biodiversity. This system groups values as either direct or indirect. The direct values pertain to tangible resources, including consumptive uses with no economic value such as firewood collection or game hunting and productive uses with commercial value such as timber or fisheries. The indirect values are intangible, such as value for scientific research, the option to study species if necessary, and existence or intrinsic value. (McNeely et al.)
The Commonwealth of Australia’s Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories publishes another classification system for the value of biodiversity. This system separates benefits of biodiversity into three categories: ecosystem services (protection of water resources, soil formation, pollution breakdown, climate stability, etc.), biological resources (food, medicinal, wood products, ornamental plants, breeding stocks, etc.), and social benefits (research, education, recreation and cultural values). (Biodiversity)
This system as defined by the Department of Environment, Sport, and Territory is inclusive of both environmental and cultural benefits. However, it does not include an economic value for biodiverisity. The system as defined by McNeely et al. is similar in its inclusiveness, and furthermore, it takes both monetary and non-monetary values into consideration. Still, with both systems, the categories are broad and lack a differentiation between global and local values. Thus, in restructuring this system, six more explicit categories are created. These categories include local consumptive (firewood collection, farming, hunting), local non-consumptive (ecotourism), local ecosystem services (prevent erosion, clean watersheds), global ecosystem services (carbon sinks, saving species from extinction, scientific value (ecological research, medical research), and existence value (intrinsic value).
In comparison with the classification of McNeely et al., both the consumptive and productive direct values are clumped into the local consumptive use category. McNeely et al.’s indirect value includes each of the other five classifications introduced in the new classification system. Thus, the new system contains more explicit categories to further delineate between the values of biodiversity.
By creating a survey to collect data, this classification system is used as the basis to examine the similarities placed on the value of the Costa Rican rain forest by tourists, students and Costa Ricans. This survey then examines the values placed on the rain forest by English speaking adults in Paris. The hypothesis is that the Costa Ricans would place a different value on the rain forest than the tourists and students. The null hypothesis is that the values between these groups will be the same.
Methods
The survey consisted of three questions asking the interviewee to rank order the six aforementioned values from most important to least important. Each question contained one example of each of the values representing each of the listed in the modified value system. Before the interviewee began to answer the questions, the directions of the survey were presented to the interviewee in both a written and oral format. The interviewee was then asked to rank each of the examples, and the results were recorded on a separate data collection sheet. Interviews lasted approximately five to ten minutes, depending on the discussion or questions involved. Sixteen students, ten tourists, and nine Costa Ricans were interviewed. Later, seven English speaking adults living in Paris were interviewed.
The data was analyzed with the highest rank assigned six points, the second highest receiving five points, and so forth. The lowest rank received one point. The total points were compiled for each of the three categories of interviewee and entered into and excel spreadsheet. Chi-squared analysis was used to examine correlation. A table was created showing the order of that the values were ranked by each group.
Results
The hypothesis that Costa Ricans would value the rain forests differently than tourists and students was supported by the data. The null hypothesis was rejected. As demonstrated in Figure 1, the analysis showed a p value of 0.4062 for values placed upon the rain forest by students and Costa Ricans. Thus, these were statistically different. The analysis also showed the same p value of 0.4062 for the tourists and Costa Ricans. The p value for the tourist and student samples was 0.0639, making these two groups the same. The confidence level was 0.1350.
Figure 1. P values
Category P Value
Students and Costa Ricans 0.4062
Tourists and Costa Ricans 0.4062
Tourists and Students 0.0639
The value with the lowest rating for each of the four sample groups was local consumptive use, as demonstrated in Figure 2. The highest ranked value for Costa Ricans was local non-consumptive (ecotourism), and the highest ranked value for the students and tourist was existence value. The other values, including local ecosystem services, global ecosystem services, and scientific research showed no significant difference in the four sample groups.
Figure 2. Ranking of Groups’ Values
Rank Costa Ricans Students Tourists Parisians
1 Local non-consumptive Existence value Existence value Existence value
2 Existence value Global ecosystem services Global ecosystem services Global ecosystem services
3 Local ecosystem services Local ecosystem services Scientific value Local ecosystem services
4 Global ecosystem services Scientific value Local non-consumptive Scientific value
5 Scientific value Local non-consumptive Local ecosystem services Local non-consumptive
6 Local consumptive Local consumptive Local consumptive Local consumptive
Conclusions
The results of the survey demonstrated that local consumptive uses, such as subsistence farming, hunting or logging, were the lowest value for all groups interviewed. A majority of the interviewees looked over the list and choose it as last before continuing with the survey. These local consumptive uses were generally unsustainable, and thus it could be inferred that the interviewees were interested in sustainable use.
The Costa Ricans viewed local non-consumptive uses as the most important. This was probably a result of the importance of ecotourism in the Costa Rican economy. This could also be a result of the emphasis place on ecology in Costa Rican education and the fact that all Costa Ricans interviewed were economically and socially connected to ecotourism. Conversely, local non-consumptive use (ecotourism) was consistently ranked low among the remaining values in the non-Costa Rican population. This may not be a sign that the non-Costa Ricans thought poorly of ecotourism, only that the other choices were more idealistic and stuck as important to rank at the beginning.
This, however, was different with the English-speaking adults in living in Paris. In talking to this mostly European group during the survey, it became clear that they opposed the concept of ecotourism and actually thought it to be a detriment to biodiversity and saving rainforest. In fact, some interviewees in the European group picked out ecotourism as their last option before examining the rest of the survey. One reason for this might be that these people have not seen how the benefits of ecotourism can save rainforest areas. Furthermore, this group was uneducated about lifestyle and quality of life in Costa Rica and assumed that the all people live like animals in destitute poverty.
The students, tourists, and Parisians clearly identified existence value as the most important. The others were not clearly statistically differentiated. Existence value was the most purely ecocentric and least anthropocentric value. The people interviewed clearly upheld an ecocentric ethic for the environment, at least during the survey.
There were also several conversations that occurred during the survey that were not recorded as part of the data, but contribute to understanding the values the people place on biodiversity. Some of the Costa Ricans interviewed were persistent in their belief that their country has an obligation to protect biodiversity for the good of the world. They insisted that they have a global responsibility to save their rainforests. Conversely, there were some tourists who believed that Costa Rica should invest in more condos and fewer ecotourist-based activities.
There were numerous sources of error in this study. First, the sample size was extremely small, especially with the Costa Ricans. Only sixteen students, ten tourists, and nine Costa Ricans were interviewed. Furthermore, the translation of the survey from English into Spanish may have not been accurate. It may have included grammatical errors or cultural bias. The translation of values into examples may also have included cultural bias or given improper representation of that value.
The method of the survey itself might have been flawed. Interviewees generally picked the first and last value and then ran through the others and ranked them in the order that they appeared. If the examples of these values had been written in a different order, they may have been ranked with different values. Another problem was the several people interviewed either did not believe that global climate change existed or did not agree the saving the rain forest from slash and burn actually decreased green house emissions. Thus, these interviewees ranked global ecosystem services in last in the question involving global climate moderation, though they ranked other examples of the same category much higher in the other two questions.
For further research, the survey should include a much broader sample. There could be more people interviewed from a wider array of economic and cultural backgrounds. For example, Costa Ricans who live in San Jose or those who depend on agriculture for living could also be interviewed. Still, this study could be used as a pilot to structure further studies that take more cultural differences into consideration.
References
J. A. McNeely et al., Conserving the World's Biological Diversity. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, World Resources Institute, Conservation International, World Wildlife Fund-US, and the World Bank: Washington, D.C. 1990. Chapter 2.
“Biodiversity and Its Value” Biodiversity Series, Paper No. 1, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories. Commonwealth of Australia. 1993
Appendix 1. Raw Data
Subject Question Group Value Score
1 1 Student Local consumptive 2
1 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
1 1 Student Local ecosystem services 4
1 1 Student Scientific value 1
1 1 Student Existence Value 5
1 1 Student Local non-consumptive 6
1 2 Student Existence Value 6
1 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
1 2 Student Local ecosystem services 3
1 2 Student Scientific value 4
1 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
1 2 Student Local consumptive 1
1 3 Student Scientific value 3
1 3 Student Local ecosystem services 6
1 3 Student Local non-consumptive 4
1 3 Student Existence Value 1
1 3 Student Local consumptive 5
1 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
2 1 Student Local consumptive 1
2 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
2 1 Student Local ecosystem services 5
2 1 Student Scientific value 4
2 1 Student Existence Value 2
2 1 Student Local non-consumptive 6
2 2 Student Existence Value 3
2 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
2 2 Student Local ecosystem services 6
2 2 Student Scientific value 2
2 2 Student Local non-consumptive 4
2 2 Student Local consumptive 1
2 3 Student Scientific value 5
2 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
2 3 Student Local non-consumptive 4
2 3 Student Existence Value 6
2 3 Student Local consumptive 1
2 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
3 1 Student Local consumptive 1
3 1 Student Global ecosystem services 4
3 1 Student Local ecosystem services 3
3 1 Student Scientific value 5
3 1 Student Existence Value 6
3 1 Student Local non-consumptive 2
3 2 Student Existence Value 4
3 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
3 2 Student Local ecosystem services 3
3 2 Student Scientific value 2
3 2 Student Local non-consumptive 5
3 2 Student Local consumptive 1
3 3 Student Scientific value 5
3 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
3 3 Student Local non-consumptive 6
3 3 Student Existence Value 4
3 3 Student Local consumptive 1
3 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
4 1 Student Local consumptive 3
4 1 Student Global ecosystem services 1
4 1 Student Local ecosystem services 2
4 1 Student Scientific value 5
4 1 Student Existence Value 6
4 1 Student Local non-consumptive 4
4 2 Student Existence Value 5
4 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
4 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
4 2 Student Scientific value 2
4 2 Student Local non-consumptive 3
4 2 Student Local consumptive 1
4 3 Student Scientific value 4
4 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
4 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
4 3 Student Existence Value 6
4 3 Student Local consumptive 1
4 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
5 1 Student Local consumptive 1
5 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
5 1 Student Local ecosystem services 2
5 1 Student Scientific value 6
5 1 Student Existence Value 5
5 1 Student Local non-consumptive 4
5 2 Student Existence Value 2
5 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
5 2 Student Local ecosystem services 3
5 2 Student Scientific value 5
5 2 Student Local non-consumptive 4
5 2 Student Local consumptive 1
5 3 Student Scientific value 6
5 3 Student Local ecosystem services 1
5 3 Student Local non-consumptive 4
5 3 Student Existence Value 5
5 3 Student Local consumptive 2
5 3 Student Global ecosystem services 3
6 1 Student Local consumptive 1
6 1 Student Global ecosystem services 4
6 1 Student Local ecosystem services 3
6 1 Student Scientific value 6
6 1 Student Existence Value 5
6 1 Student Local non-consumptive 2
6 2 Student Existence Value 3
6 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
6 2 Student Local ecosystem services 5
6 2 Student Scientific value 4
6 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
6 2 Student Local consumptive 1
6 3 Student Scientific value 3
6 3 Student Local ecosystem services 4
6 3 Student Local non-consumptive 2
6 3 Student Existence Value 6
6 3 Student Local consumptive 1
6 3 Student Global ecosystem services 5
7 1 Student Local consumptive 1
7 1 Student Global ecosystem services 6
7 1 Student Local ecosystem services 3
7 1 Student Scientific value 5
7 1 Student Existence Value 4
7 1 Student Local non-consumptive 2
7 2 Student Existence Value 4
7 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
7 2 Student Local ecosystem services 6
7 2 Student Scientific value 3
7 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
7 2 Student Local consumptive 1
7 3 Student Scientific value 4
7 3 Student Local ecosystem services 1
7 3 Student Local non-consumptive 3
7 3 Student Existence Value 5
7 3 Student Local consumptive 2
7 3 Student Global ecosystem services 6
8 1 Student Local consumptive 1
8 1 Student Global ecosystem services 2
8 1 Student Local ecosystem services 4
8 1 Student Scientific value 6
8 1 Student Existence Value 5
8 1 Student Local non-consumptive 3
8 2 Student Existence Value 6
8 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
8 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
8 2 Student Scientific value 3
8 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
8 2 Student Local consumptive 1
8 3 Student Scientific value 4
8 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
8 3 Student Local non-consumptive 2
8 3 Student Existence Value 5
8 3 Student Local consumptive 1
8 3 Student Global ecosystem services 6
9 1 Student Local consumptive 2
9 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
9 1 Student Local ecosystem services 4
9 1 Student Scientific value 5
9 1 Student Existence Value 6
9 1 Student Local non-consumptive 1
9 2 Student Existence Value 6
9 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
9 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
9 2 Student Scientific value 3
9 2 Student Local non-consumptive 1
9 2 Student Local consumptive 2
9 3 Student Scientific value 3
9 3 Student Local ecosystem services 6
9 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
9 3 Student Existence Value 1
9 3 Student Local consumptive 4
9 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
10 1 Student Local consumptive 1
10 1 Student Global ecosystem services 2
10 1 Student Local ecosystem services 5
10 1 Student Scientific value 4
10 1 Student Existence Value 6
10 1 Student Local non-consumptive 3
10 2 Student Existence Value 6
10 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
10 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
10 2 Student Scientific value 3
10 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
10 2 Student Local consumptive 1
10 3 Student Scientific value 5
10 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
10 3 Student Local non-consumptive 4
10 3 Student Existence Value 6
10 3 Student Local consumptive 1
10 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
11 1 Student Local consumptive 1
11 1 Student Global ecosystem services 5
11 1 Student Local ecosystem services 3
11 1 Student Scientific value 6
11 1 Student Existence Value 4
11 1 Student Local non-consumptive 2
11 2 Student Existence Value 2
11 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
11 2 Student Local ecosystem services 5
11 2 Student Scientific value 3
11 2 Student Local non-consumptive 4
11 2 Student Local consumptive 1
11 3 Student Scientific value 4
11 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
11 3 Student Local non-consumptive 2
11 3 Student Existence Value 6
11 3 Student Local consumptive 1
11 3 Student Global ecosystem services 5
12 1 Student Local consumptive 5
12 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
12 1 Student Local ecosystem services 2
12 1 Student Scientific value 1
12 1 Student Existence Value 6
12 1 Student Local non-consumptive 4
12 2 Student Existence Value 6
12 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
12 2 Student Local ecosystem services 2
12 2 Student Scientific value 1
12 2 Student Local non-consumptive 3
12 2 Student Local consumptive 4
12 3 Student Scientific value 3
12 3 Student Local ecosystem services 4
12 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
12 3 Student Existence Value 6
12 3 Student Local consumptive 1
12 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
13 1 Student Local consumptive 5
13 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
13 1 Student Local ecosystem services 4
13 1 Student Scientific value 2
13 1 Student Existence Value 1
13 1 Student Local non-consumptive 6
13 2 Student Existence Value 5
13 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
13 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
13 2 Student Scientific value 3
13 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
13 2 Student Local consumptive 1
13 3 Student Scientific value 1
13 3 Student Local ecosystem services 6
13 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
13 3 Student Existence Value 3
13 3 Student Local consumptive 4
13 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
14 1 Student Local consumptive 2
14 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
14 1 Student Local ecosystem services 5
14 1 Student Scientific value 4
14 1 Student Existence Value 6
14 1 Student Local non-consumptive 1
14 2 Student Existence Value 5
14 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
14 2 Student Local ecosystem services 3
14 2 Student Scientific value 4
14 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
14 2 Student Local consumptive 1
14 3 Student Scientific value 3
14 3 Student Local ecosystem services 6
14 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
14 3 Student Existence Value 4
14 3 Student Local consumptive 1
14 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
15 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
15 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
15 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 2
15 1 Tourist Scientific value 6
15 1 Tourist Existence Value 3
15 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 5
15 2 Tourist Existence Value 6
15 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
15 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
15 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
15 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
15 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
15 3 Tourist Scientific value 4
15 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
15 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 5
15 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
15 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
15 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
16 1 Tourist Local consumptive 2
16 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 3
16 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
16 1 Tourist Scientific value 6
16 1 Tourist Existence Value 5
16 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 1
16 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
16 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
16 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 2
16 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
16 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 4
16 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
16 3 Tourist Scientific value 4
16 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 5
16 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
16 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
16 3 Tourist Local consumptive 2
16 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 1
17 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
17 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
17 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
17 1 Tourist Scientific value 3
17 1 Tourist Existence Value 6
17 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
17 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
17 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
17 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
17 2 Tourist Scientific value 1
17 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
17 2 Tourist Local consumptive 2
17 3 Tourist Scientific value 5
17 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
17 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
17 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
17 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
17 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
18 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
18 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
18 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 2
18 1 Tourist Scientific value 4
18 1 Tourist Existence Value 6
18 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
18 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
18 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
18 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
18 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
18 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
18 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
18 3 Tourist Scientific value 5
18 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
18 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
18 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
18 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
18 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
19 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
19 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
19 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
19 1 Tourist Scientific value 4
19 1 Tourist Existence Value 6
19 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
19 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
19 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
19 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
19 2 Tourist Scientific value 4
19 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
19 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
19 3 Tourist Scientific value 6
19 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
19 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 4
19 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
19 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
19 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
20 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
20 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
20 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
20 1 Tourist Scientific value 5
20 1 Tourist Existence Value 6
20 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
20 2 Tourist Existence Value 4
20 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
20 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 5
20 2 Tourist Scientific value 2
20 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
20 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
20 3 Tourist Scientific value 4
20 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 6
20 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
20 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
20 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
20 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
21 1 Tourist Local consumptive 5
21 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
21 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
21 1 Tourist Scientific value 4
21 1 Tourist Existence Value 1
21 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
21 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
21 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
21 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
21 2 Tourist Scientific value 2
21 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
21 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
21 3 Tourist Scientific value 1
21 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
21 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
21 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
21 3 Tourist Local consumptive 3
21 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
22 1 Tourist Local consumptive 2
22 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
22 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 5
22 1 Tourist Scientific value 3
22 1 Tourist Existence Value 1
22 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
22 2 Tourist Existence Value 6
22 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
22 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
22 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
22 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
22 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
22 3 Tourist Scientific value 3
22 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 1
22 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
22 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
22 3 Tourist Local consumptive 2
22 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
23 1 Tourist Local consumptive 2
23 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
23 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
23 1 Tourist Scientific value 4
23 1 Tourist Existence Value 5
23 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 1
23 2 Tourist Existence Value 6
23 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
23 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
23 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
23 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
23 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
23 3 Tourist Scientific value 3
23 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
23 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 5
23 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
23 3 Tourist Local consumptive 2
23 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 1
24 1 Tourist Local consumptive 2
24 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
24 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 1
24 1 Tourist Scientific value 6
24 1 Tourist Existence Value 3
24 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 5
24 2 Tourist Existence Value 4
24 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
24 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 5
24 2 Tourist Scientific value 2
24 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
24 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
24 3 Tourist Scientific value 3
24 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 2
24 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
24 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
24 3 Tourist Local consumptive 4
24 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 1
25 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 5
25 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
25 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 2
25 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
25 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 1
25 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
25 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
25 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 6
25 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
25 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 3
25 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 2
25 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
25 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
25 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
25 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
25 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
25 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 4
25 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
26 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 4
26 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
26 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 2
26 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
26 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
26 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
26 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 3
26 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
26 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 2
26 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 6
26 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 4
26 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
26 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 3
26 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
26 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 4
26 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
26 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
26 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
27 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 2
27 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 4
27 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
27 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
27 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
27 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
27 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
27 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
27 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
27 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 3
27 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 2
27 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
27 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
27 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
27 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 4
27 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
27 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 3
27 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
28 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
28 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
28 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
28 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 5
28 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 2
28 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
28 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 2
28 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
28 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
28 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 5
28 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
28 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
28 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
28 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
28 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 1
28 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
28 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 3
28 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
29 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 3
29 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
29 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 1
29 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
29 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
29 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
29 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
29 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
29 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
29 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 2
29 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
29 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
29 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 3
29 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
29 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 2
29 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
29 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
29 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
30 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 2
30 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
30 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 1
30 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
30 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 6
30 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 5
30 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
30 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
30 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
30 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 6
30 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 2
30 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
30 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
30 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
30 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 5
30 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 3
30 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 4
30 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
31 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 2
31 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
31 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
31 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
31 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
31 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
31 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
31 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
31 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
31 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 2
31 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
31 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
31 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 6
31 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
31 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 1
31 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
31 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 5
31 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
32 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
32 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
32 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
32 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 2
32 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
32 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
32 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 2
32 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
32 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 5
32 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 6
32 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 4
32 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
32 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
32 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
32 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 3
32 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 1
32 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 5
32 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
33 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 4
33 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
33 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 2
33 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
33 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
33 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
33 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 6
33 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
33 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
33 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 2
33 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 3
33 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
33 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
33 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
33 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
33 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 1
33 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 5
33 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
Appendix 2. Costa Rican Data
Subject Question Group Value Score
25 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 1
25 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
25 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
26 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
26 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 3
26 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
27 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
27 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
27 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
28 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 2
28 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 2
28 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
29 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
29 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
29 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
30 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 6
30 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
30 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 3
31 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
31 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
31 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
32 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 4
32 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 2
32 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 1
33 1 Costa Rican Existence Value 5
33 2 Costa Rican Existence Value 6
33 3 Costa Rican Existence Value 1
25 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
25 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 6
25 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
26 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
26 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
26 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
27 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 4
27 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
27 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
28 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
28 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
28 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
29 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
29 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
29 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
30 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
30 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
30 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
31 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
31 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
31 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
32 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
32 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
32 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
33 1 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 3
33 2 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 5
33 3 Costa Rican Global ecosystem services 2
25 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 5
25 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
25 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 4
26 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 4
26 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
26 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
27 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 2
27 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
27 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 3
28 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
28 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
28 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 3
29 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 3
29 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
29 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
30 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 2
30 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
30 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 4
31 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 2
31 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
31 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 5
32 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
32 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
32 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 5
33 1 Costa Rican Local consumptive 4
33 2 Costa Rican Local consumptive 1
33 3 Costa Rican Local consumptive 5
25 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 2
25 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
25 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
26 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 2
26 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 2
26 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
27 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
27 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
27 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
28 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
28 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
28 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
29 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 1
29 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
29 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
30 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 1
30 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
30 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
31 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
31 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
31 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
32 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
32 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 5
32 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 6
33 1 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 2
33 2 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 4
33 3 Costa Rican Local ecosystem services 3
25 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
25 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 2
25 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
26 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
26 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 4
26 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 4
27 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
27 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 2
27 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 4
28 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
28 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
28 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 1
29 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
29 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
29 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 2
30 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 5
30 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 2
30 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 5
31 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
31 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
31 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 1
32 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
32 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 4
32 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 3
33 1 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
33 2 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 3
33 3 Costa Rican Local non-consumptive 6
25 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
25 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 3
25 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
26 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
26 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 6
26 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 3
27 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
27 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 3
27 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
28 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 5
28 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 5
28 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
29 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
29 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 2
29 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 3
30 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
30 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 6
30 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
31 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
31 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 2
31 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 6
32 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 2
32 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 6
32 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
33 1 Costa Rican Scientific value 1
33 2 Costa Rican Scientific value 2
33 3 Costa Rican Scientific value 4
Value Total Mean Median Std Dev
Existence Value 107 3.96 5 1.53
Global ecosystem services 88 3.26 3 1.26
Local consumptive 64 2.37 2 1.57
Local ecosystem services 103 3.81 4 1.62
Local non-consumptive 120 4.44 5 1.80
Scientific value 85 3.15 3 1.77
Appendix 3. Student Data
Subject Question Group Value Score
1 1 Student Existence Value 5
1 2 Student Existence Value 6
1 3 Student Existence Value 1
2 1 Student Existence Value 2
2 2 Student Existence Value 3
2 3 Student Existence Value 6
3 1 Student Existence Value 6
3 2 Student Existence Value 4
3 3 Student Existence Value 4
4 1 Student Existence Value 6
4 2 Student Existence Value 5
4 3 Student Existence Value 6
5 1 Student Existence Value 5
5 2 Student Existence Value 2
5 3 Student Existence Value 5
6 1 Student Existence Value 5
6 2 Student Existence Value 3
6 3 Student Existence Value 6
7 1 Student Existence Value 4
7 2 Student Existence Value 4
7 3 Student Existence Value 5
8 1 Student Existence Value 5
8 2 Student Existence Value 6
8 3 Student Existence Value 5
9 1 Student Existence Value 6
9 2 Student Existence Value 6
9 3 Student Existence Value 1
10 1 Student Existence Value 6
10 2 Student Existence Value 6
10 3 Student Existence Value 6
11 1 Student Existence Value 4
11 2 Student Existence Value 2
11 3 Student Existence Value 6
12 1 Student Existence Value 6
12 2 Student Existence Value 6
12 3 Student Existence Value 6
13 1 Student Existence Value 1
13 2 Student Existence Value 5
13 3 Student Existence Value 3
14 1 Student Existence Value 6
14 2 Student Existence Value 5
14 3 Student Existence Value 4
1 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
1 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
1 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
2 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
2 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
2 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
3 1 Student Global ecosystem services 4
3 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
3 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
4 1 Student Global ecosystem services 1
4 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
4 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
5 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
5 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
5 3 Student Global ecosystem services 3
6 1 Student Global ecosystem services 4
6 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
6 3 Student Global ecosystem services 5
7 1 Student Global ecosystem services 6
7 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
7 3 Student Global ecosystem services 6
8 1 Student Global ecosystem services 2
8 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
8 3 Student Global ecosystem services 6
9 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
9 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
9 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
10 1 Student Global ecosystem services 2
10 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
10 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
11 1 Student Global ecosystem services 5
11 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
11 3 Student Global ecosystem services 5
12 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
12 2 Student Global ecosystem services 5
12 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
13 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
13 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
13 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
14 1 Student Global ecosystem services 3
14 2 Student Global ecosystem services 6
14 3 Student Global ecosystem services 2
1 1 Student Local consumptive 2
1 2 Student Local consumptive 1
1 3 Student Local consumptive 5
2 1 Student Local consumptive 1
2 2 Student Local consumptive 1
2 3 Student Local consumptive 1
3 1 Student Local consumptive 1
3 2 Student Local consumptive 1
3 3 Student Local consumptive 1
4 1 Student Local consumptive 3
4 2 Student Local consumptive 1
4 3 Student Local consumptive 1
5 1 Student Local consumptive 1
5 2 Student Local consumptive 1
5 3 Student Local consumptive 2
6 1 Student Local consumptive 1
6 2 Student Local consumptive 1
6 3 Student Local consumptive 1
7 1 Student Local consumptive 1
7 2 Student Local consumptive 1
7 3 Student Local consumptive 2
8 1 Student Local consumptive 1
8 2 Student Local consumptive 1
8 3 Student Local consumptive 1
9 1 Student Local consumptive 2
9 2 Student Local consumptive 2
9 3 Student Local consumptive 4
10 1 Student Local consumptive 1
10 2 Student Local consumptive 1
10 3 Student Local consumptive 1
11 1 Student Local consumptive 1
11 2 Student Local consumptive 1
11 3 Student Local consumptive 1
12 1 Student Local consumptive 5
12 2 Student Local consumptive 4
12 3 Student Local consumptive 1
13 1 Student Local consumptive 5
13 2 Student Local consumptive 1
13 3 Student Local consumptive 4
14 1 Student Local consumptive 2
14 2 Student Local consumptive 1
14 3 Student Local consumptive 1
1 1 Student Local ecosystem services 4
1 2 Student Local ecosystem services 3
1 3 Student Local ecosystem services 6
2 1 Student Local ecosystem services 5
2 2 Student Local ecosystem services 6
2 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
3 1 Student Local ecosystem services 3
3 2 Student Local ecosystem services 3
3 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
4 1 Student Local ecosystem services 2
4 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
4 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
5 1 Student Local ecosystem services 2
5 2 Student Local ecosystem services 3
5 3 Student Local ecosystem services 1
6 1 Student Local ecosystem services 3
6 2 Student Local ecosystem services 5
6 3 Student Local ecosystem services 4
7 1 Student Local ecosystem services 3
7 2 Student Local ecosystem services 6
7 3 Student Local ecosystem services 1
8 1 Student Local ecosystem services 4
8 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
8 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
9 1 Student Local ecosystem services 4
9 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
9 3 Student Local ecosystem services 6
10 1 Student Local ecosystem services 5
10 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
10 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
11 1 Student Local ecosystem services 3
11 2 Student Local ecosystem services 5
11 3 Student Local ecosystem services 3
12 1 Student Local ecosystem services 2
12 2 Student Local ecosystem services 2
12 3 Student Local ecosystem services 4
13 1 Student Local ecosystem services 4
13 2 Student Local ecosystem services 4
13 3 Student Local ecosystem services 6
14 1 Student Local ecosystem services 5
14 2 Student Local ecosystem services 3
14 3 Student Local ecosystem services 6
1 1 Student Local non-consumptive 6
1 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
1 3 Student Local non-consumptive 4
2 1 Student Local non-consumptive 6
2 2 Student Local non-consumptive 4
2 3 Student Local non-consumptive 4
3 1 Student Local non-consumptive 2
3 2 Student Local non-consumptive 5
3 3 Student Local non-consumptive 6
4 1 Student Local non-consumptive 4
4 2 Student Local non-consumptive 3
4 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
5 1 Student Local non-consumptive 4
5 2 Student Local non-consumptive 4
5 3 Student Local non-consumptive 4
6 1 Student Local non-consumptive 2
6 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
6 3 Student Local non-consumptive 2
7 1 Student Local non-consumptive 2
7 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
7 3 Student Local non-consumptive 3
8 1 Student Local non-consumptive 3
8 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
8 3 Student Local non-consumptive 2
9 1 Student Local non-consumptive 1
9 2 Student Local non-consumptive 1
9 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
10 1 Student Local non-consumptive 3
10 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
10 3 Student Local non-consumptive 4
11 1 Student Local non-consumptive 2
11 2 Student Local non-consumptive 4
11 3 Student Local non-consumptive 2
12 1 Student Local non-consumptive 4
12 2 Student Local non-consumptive 3
12 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
13 1 Student Local non-consumptive 6
13 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
13 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
14 1 Student Local non-consumptive 1
14 2 Student Local non-consumptive 2
14 3 Student Local non-consumptive 5
1 1 Student Scientific value 1
1 2 Student Scientific value 4
1 3 Student Scientific value 3
2 1 Student Scientific value 4
2 2 Student Scientific value 2
2 3 Student Scientific value 5
3 1 Student Scientific value 5
3 2 Student Scientific value 2
3 3 Student Scientific value 5
4 1 Student Scientific value 5
4 2 Student Scientific value 2
4 3 Student Scientific value 4
5 1 Student Scientific value 6
5 2 Student Scientific value 5
5 3 Student Scientific value 6
6 1 Student Scientific value 6
6 2 Student Scientific value 4
6 3 Student Scientific value 3
7 1 Student Scientific value 5
7 2 Student Scientific value 3
7 3 Student Scientific value 4
8 1 Student Scientific value 6
8 2 Student Scientific value 3
8 3 Student Scientific value 4
9 1 Student Scientific value 5
9 2 Student Scientific value 3
9 3 Student Scientific value 3
10 1 Student Scientific value 4
10 2 Student Scientific value 3
10 3 Student Scientific value 5
11 1 Student Scientific value 6
11 2 Student Scientific value 3
11 3 Student Scientific value 4
12 1 Student Scientific value 1
12 2 Student Scientific value 1
12 3 Student Scientific value 3
13 1 Student Scientific value 2
13 2 Student Scientific value 3
13 3 Student Scientific value 1
14 1 Student Scientific value 4
14 2 Student Scientific value 4
14 3 Student Scientific value 3
Value Total Mean Median Std Dev
Existence Value 194 4.62 5 1.59
Global ecosystem services 165 3.93 4 1.64
Local consumptive 71 1.69 1 1.26
Local ecosystem services 157 3.74 4 1.34
Local non-consumptive 140 3.33 3 1.49
Scientific value 155 3.69 4 1.46
Appendix 4. Tourist Data
Subject Question Group Value Score
15 1 Tourist Existence Value 3
15 2 Tourist Existence Value 6
15 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
16 1 Tourist Existence Value 5
16 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
16 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
17 1 Tourist Existence Value 6
17 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
17 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
18 1 Tourist Existence Value 6
18 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
18 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
19 1 Tourist Existence Value 6
19 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
19 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
20 1 Tourist Existence Value 6
20 2 Tourist Existence Value 4
20 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
21 1 Tourist Existence Value 1
21 2 Tourist Existence Value 5
21 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
22 1 Tourist Existence Value 1
22 2 Tourist Existence Value 6
22 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
23 1 Tourist Existence Value 5
23 2 Tourist Existence Value 6
23 3 Tourist Existence Value 6
24 1 Tourist Existence Value 3
24 2 Tourist Existence Value 4
24 3 Tourist Existence Value 5
15 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
15 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
15 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
16 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 3
16 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
16 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 1
17 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
17 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
17 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
18 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
18 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
18 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
19 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
19 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
19 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
20 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
20 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
20 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
21 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
21 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
21 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 2
22 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
22 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
22 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
23 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
23 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 5
23 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 1
24 1 Tourist Global ecosystem services 4
24 2 Tourist Global ecosystem services 6
24 3 Tourist Global ecosystem services 1
15 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
15 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
15 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
16 1 Tourist Local consumptive 2
16 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
16 3 Tourist Local consumptive 2
17 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
17 2 Tourist Local consumptive 2
17 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
18 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
18 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
18 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
19 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
19 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
19 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
20 1 Tourist Local consumptive 1
20 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
20 3 Tourist Local consumptive 1
21 1 Tourist Local consumptive 5
21 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
21 3 Tourist Local consumptive 3
22 1 Tourist Local consumptive 2
22 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
22 3 Tourist Local consumptive 2
23 1 Tourist Local consumptive 2
23 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
23 3 Tourist Local consumptive 2
24 1 Tourist Local consumptive 2
24 2 Tourist Local consumptive 1
24 3 Tourist Local consumptive 4
15 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 2
15 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
15 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
16 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
16 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 2
16 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 5
17 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
17 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
17 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
18 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 2
18 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
18 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
19 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
19 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
19 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
20 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
20 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 5
20 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 6
21 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
21 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
21 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
22 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 5
22 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
22 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 1
23 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 3
23 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
23 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 4
24 1 Tourist Local ecosystem services 1
24 2 Tourist Local ecosystem services 5
24 3 Tourist Local ecosystem services 2
15 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 5
15 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
15 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 5
16 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 1
16 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 4
16 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
17 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
17 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
17 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
18 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
18 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
18 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
19 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
19 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
19 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 4
20 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
20 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
20 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
21 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
21 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
21 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
22 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
22 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
22 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
23 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 1
23 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 2
23 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 5
24 1 Tourist Local non-consumptive 5
24 2 Tourist Local non-consumptive 3
24 3 Tourist Local non-consumptive 6
15 1 Tourist Scientific value 6
15 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
15 3 Tourist Scientific value 4
16 1 Tourist Scientific value 6
16 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
16 3 Tourist Scientific value 4
17 1 Tourist Scientific value 3
17 2 Tourist Scientific value 1
17 3 Tourist Scientific value 5
18 1 Tourist Scientific value 4
18 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
18 3 Tourist Scientific value 5
19 1 Tourist Scientific value 4
19 2 Tourist Scientific value 4
19 3 Tourist Scientific value 6
20 1 Tourist Scientific value 5
20 2 Tourist Scientific value 2
20 3 Tourist Scientific value 4
21 1 Tourist Scientific value 4
21 2 Tourist Scientific value 2
21 3 Tourist Scientific value 1
22 1 Tourist Scientific value 3
22 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
22 3 Tourist Scientific value 3
23 1 Tourist Scientific value 4
23 2 Tourist Scientific value 3
23 3 Tourist Scientific value 3
24 1 Tourist Scientific value 6
24 2 Tourist Scientific value 2
24 3 Tourist Scientific value 3
Value Total Mean Median Std Dev
Existence Value 148 4.93 5 1.36
Global ecosystem services 114 3.80 4 1.79
Local consumptive 47 1.57 1 0.97
Local ecosystem services 105 3.50 4 1.20
Local non-consumptive 107 3.57 3 1.63
Scientific value 109 3.63 3.5 1.38
Appendix 5. Totals
Value Costa Ricans Students Tourists Totals
Existence Value 107 194 148 449
Global ecosystem services 88 165 114 367
Local consumptive 64 71 47 182
Local ecosystem services 103 157 105 365
Local non-consumptive 120 140 107 367
Scientific value 85 155 109 349
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