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I. History
A. Beginning of national parks
1. first founded
II. Today
A. How many and where- 29 parks & protected areas
1. other nature reserves and wildlife refuges
2. ~250 privately owned reserves
B. One of highest protection rates in the world
C. How many people visit per year
III. 3 Most Popular
A. Manuel Antonio National Park
B. Poas Volcano National Park
C. Irazu Volcano National Park
IV. Policies
A. Visiting fees- $6 for foreigners
1. limits on visitors?
B. National policies/ International policies
V. Ecotourism
A. National Economy
1. infrastructure
VI. Important Issues
A. Biodiversity
B. Population growth
C. Deforestation
D. Multinational/ Transnational companies
E. Management
1. enforcement/ monitoring
F. Global change- biodiversity and deforestation
A combination of factors including pressure from transnational companies for development and rapid population growth lead to increased pressure on natural resources in less developed countries. Therefore, deforestation and overall loss of biodiversity from these naturally rich areas have become a major issue in countries such as Costa Rica. To counter these effects, great efforts have been made both through public and private sources to incorporate national parks, marine parks, wildlife refuges, nature reserves, and private reserves in Costa Rica. Today Costa Rica has one of the highest protection rates of land in the world. Ecotourism now plays a big role in the national economy of Costa Rica. With careful management and planning a sustainable future is possible. However, there must be continued enforcement of sustainable practices and increased protection of land areas in order for this to happen. National parks and other protected areas play a huge role in this sustainable future.
Sources
http://centralamerica.com/cr/parks/
http://www.adventure-costarica.com/travel/costa_rica_national_parks/
http://www.costarica.com/Home/
http://www.infocostarica.com/
http://www.peteandedbooks.com/plinks.htm
http://www.planeta.com/planeta/98/0298cr.html
http://www.tourism.co.cr/mapindex.htm
Carrillo, Eduardo, Grace Wong, and Alfredo Cuaron. ÒMonitoring Mammal Populations in Costa Rican Protected Areas under Different Hunting RestrictionsÓ. Conservation Biology (2000) 14:6 1580-1591.
Hearne, Robert and Zenia Salinas. ÒThe Use of Choice Experiments in the Analysis of Tourist Preferences for Ecotourism Development in Costa RicaÓ. Journal of Environmental Management (2002) 65:153-163.
Helmer, E.H. ÒThe Landscape Ecology of Tropical Secondary Forest in Montane Costa RicaÓ. Ecosystems (2000) 3: 98-114.
Langholz, Jeff and James Lassoie. ÒCombining Conservation and Development on
Private Lands: Lessons from Costa RicaÓ Environment, Development, and
Sustainability (2002) 3: 309-322.
Menkhaus, Susan and Douglas Lober. ÒInternational Ecotourism and the Valuation of Tropical Rainforests in Costa RicaÓ Journal of Environmental Management (1996) 47: 1-10.
Rosero-Bixby, Luis and Alberto Palloni. ÒPopulation and Deforestation in Costa RicaÓ Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdiciplinary Studies (1998) 2:2 149-185.
Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. Arturo et al. ÒIntegrity and Isolation of Costa RicaÕs National Parks and Biological Reserves: Examining the Dynamics of Land-Cover ChangeÓ. Biological Conservation (2003) 109:123-135.
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