Integrated Coastal Managemnt

This topic submitted by Carl Nim at 3:08 PM on 4/17/09.

A beautiful Praying Mantis, SE Costa Rica!

Tropical Field Courses -Western Program-Miami University


Integrated Coastal Management

With the advent of sustainable development and a growing frustration amongst policy makers directed towards the difficulties of coastal management, specifically in relation to varying laws, political boundaries that fragment ecological habitats and competing economic interests, Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) has been largely adopted throughout the world and within the United States. While this method of management has been largely accepted amongst policy makers, critical researchers and individuals negatively affected by ICM policies have raised numerous and significant critiques of this method of management. This paper will provide an overview of the development and characteristics of ICM, the benefits and critiques of ICM, and provide a context of understanding ICM in the locations we are visiting in this course.

Introduction

Variation of Terms:
Integrated Coastal Management Ð Integrated Coastal Zone Management Ð Integrated Coastal Area Management, Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management Ð Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICM, ICZM, ICAM, ICOM, ICAMAM)


Ecosystems encompassed in ÒCoastal AreasÓ
Estuaries
Mangroves
Sea Grass
Coral Reefs (http://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/what_are/)
Fringing
Barrier
Atolls

US Policy: Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

Definitions

Christie

Beckman

Objectives


ICM Tools:
Marine Protected Areas (MPAÕs) Land-Use Control, Marine Zoning and Permit Systems, Conflict Resolution, Planning and Fisheries Management. (Christie 2005: 209)


Benefits of ICM

Ecological
Less Disruption within Ecosystem

Social
Community Participation

Economical
Ecological Benefits, Desirable Locations


Critiques of ICM

Ecological
Limited Enforcement, Results in More Disruption

Social
Functionally Exclude Populations of People (Nichols, Robbins)

Economical
Promotes Coastal Development (Nichols 1999)


Florida Keys ICM
ICM In place, Various NOAA reports.

Bahamas ICM
ICM Proposed

Conclusion

ÒCoastal environments are dynamic and contested.Ó McFadden 2008

Works Cited

Allmendinger, P. Barker, A. and Stead, S. 2002. Delivering Integrated Coastal-Zone Management through Land-Use Planning. Planning, Practice & Research 17 (2): 175-196.

Barker, A. 2006. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a Tool for Integration within Coastal Planning. Journal of Coastal Research 22 (4): 946-950.

Beckman, R. and Coleman, B. 1999. Integrated Coastal Management: The Role of Law and Lawyers. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 14 (4): 491-522.

BEST Commission: National Wetlands Committee. The Bahamas National Wetlands Policy. http://www.best.bs/publications.html Last Accessed 17 April 2009.

Christie, P. 2005. Is Integrated Coastal Management Sustainable? Ocean & Coastal Management 48: 208-232.

Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. United States Congress.

Editorial. 2005. Integrating management of marine protected areas with coastal and ocean governance: Principles and practices. Ocean & Coastal Management 48: 843-846.

Gustavson, K. Huber, R. M. Ruitenbeek, J. 2000. Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Coral Reefs. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK. Washington D.C.

ICF Consulting. The Bahamas National Report: Integrating Management of Watersheds and Coastal Areas in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) of the Caribbean. http://www.cehi.org.lc/water_resources/projects/iwcam/national_reports/bahamas/bahamas_national_report.pdf Last Accessed: 17 April 2009.

McFadden, L. 2008. Exploring the challenges of integrated coastal zone management and reflecting on contributions to ÔintegrationÕ from geographical thought. The Geographical Journal 174 (4): 299-314.

Nichols, K. 1999. Coming to Terms with ÒIntegrated Coastal ManagementÓ: Problems of Meaning and Method in a New Arena of Resource Regulation. Professional Geographer 51(3): 388-399.

SENES Consultants Limited. 2005. National Environmental Management Action Plan for the Bahamas. http://www.best.bs/Documents/NEMAP_Report.pdf Last Accessed 17 April 2009.

United States Government Accountability Office. 2008. Coastal Zone Management: Measuring ProgramÕs Effectiveness Continues to Be a Challenge. GAO-08-1045.

Vallega, A. 2001. Sustainable Ocean Governance: A Geographical Perspective. Routledge. London.

Wright, D. and Bartlett, D. 2000. Marine and Coastal Geographical Information Systems. Taylor & Francis. London.

Zagonari, F. 2008. Integrated Coastal Management: Top-down vs. community-based approaches. Journal of Environmental Management 88: 796-804.


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