How Humans Perceive the Nude Body

Introduction

Do human beings naturally view a representation of the naked body, through the medium of painting, as artistic or sexual? Our specific hypothesis is that nude art, by human nature, is viewed as sexual while artistic views are trained and developed through experience and understanding of the art world. Our proposal is an interdisciplinary one for the reason that it will focus in art, psychology, sociology, and biology. The fundamental issue of human nature that we are addressing is sex. We are drawing upon the idea that humans are sexual beings, and we will find out if we naturally see nude paintings as sexual because of this, or if it is in human nature to see them as purely artistic creations. Through this we will find whether it is human nature to first think of sex or beauty while viewing art. In relation to our Human Nature course our research will connect most strongly to Roger N. Lancaster's novel The Trouble With Nature: Sex in Science and Popular Culture. This book dives into questions of human nature that relate to sex and culture, which will correlate very much to our project. It also relates to our class focus on creativity. Art develops through creativity, and we are asking how and why humans react to certain products of creativity.

Literature Review

The book The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality, by Lynda Nead, offers a critical look into the ways in which the nude female body has been represented in and a symbol of western art. Nead uses past art historical as well as some philosophical views to see the boundaries between the nude as a sexual object and as an artistic object. We chose to incorporate this book to offer a perspective on the body from a critical art history perspective.

Curve: The Female Nude Now focuses on the contemporary female nude in a range of representations, both abstract and realistic. This is good because we will be testing perceptions of both abstract and realistic to see if the perceptions of them differ. Each set of images, many of which are paintings, are accompanied by descriptions and philosophies behind the works from the artist's point of view. This will help us to understand what the nude paintings are meant to achieve, and why. We can use this knowledge to better understand contemporary reasons of nude art and also to compare the difference of the average viewers interpretation, and an interpretation of somebody from the art world.

As a supplement and slightly different view on the body, we chose to include Margaret Walters' book, The Nude Male: a New Perspective. Walters shows the double standard that has existed between the male nudes and their female counterparts. She interprets the roles the genders have played both as subjects and observers of art. These books will allow us to compare the way female and male nudes are used from the art history field. This will then allow us to question if there is an innate difference between the ways the bodies are seen.

We selected the source Male Trouble: A Crisis in Representation by Abigail Solomon-Godeau for the reason that it asks questions and researches the male nude from an interdisciplinary perspective. The book strays from aesthetic criteria and focuses more on political questions that focus on the way in which visual culture both reflects and produces ideologies of gender, encouraging hierarchies of sexual difference and in that way naturalizing male supremacy and female subordination. This book takes an interesting look at the male nude and its spectators from the neoclassical era to the present. It will help us with our project because the author focuses on the nature of nude male representation through questions that stretch the limits of art history and focus in fields such as psychology, which will hopefully give us an insight to the intended viewers, why they would have a need for male nude art, and why this need has changed over time.

Eroticism in Art by Alyce Mahon deals with our subject from a wide range of perspectives. The title itself is interesting because it presupposes that nude art is erotic, meaning that it is designed to arouse feelings of sexual desire, which poses an interesting idea in relation to our research question. It gives many examples of art works, their intended spectators, and meanings behind the works. The sections of the book that will be particularly useful to us are, "Visual Pleasure and Identity Politics", and "Eroticism and the Culture Wars of the 1980's and 1990's". Both of these sections will help us to understand how people see art in relation to themselves, and how nude art effects a culture.

Both The Body Imaged, by Kathleen Adler and Marcia Pointon, and Picasso ƒrotique, by Jean Clair, allow us to study the intensions of specific artists. Picasso intentionally drew upon the sexuality of his nudes and believed that is where the beauty lies. To study the way the body is innately seen, sexual or artistic, we wanted to gain a grasp of how the artists see the body.

We also want to include psychological perspectives. We found a website discussing the philosophies of Sigmund Freud and his theories on the libido (Discovery Health). Freud's ideas about the strength of our sex drives can be interpreted to say that the naked body must always be seen as sexual. Marco Costa's "Gender differences in response to pictures of nudes: a magneto encephalographic study" is a biological psychology article on how women and men react physically to images of nudes. Both of these sources will better our understanding of how people generally see the body and possibly if that is part of human nature.
William Thomas's study ÔThe Psychology of Modesty and Clothing" investigates our need for clothing, how we see the body, and where these views originated. This is a much older article and it may help explain some of the beliefs of artists from old time periods and movements. We can apply the psychological understandings of why we must cover ourselves to question if seeing the body as sexual is a possible trained behavior.
From the biological perspective, Leonard Blank's "Nakedness and Nudity: A Darwinian Explanation for Looking and Showing Behavior" compares human's reactions and beliefs about the body to behavior in animals. This perspective will allow us to see links or themes that exist between the species and the way nudity and sexuality are perceived.

To study the views of the naked body in a culture, and to use anthropology as a source, we have chosen to use the website titled, "The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S.". This article looks at the nude body from the viewpoint of nudists, who ignore the taboo of being naked in public, and do many activities completely naked. This group is an important one to study because they have a position that is different than the average person. The fact that a group like this exists may suggest that culture, not human nature, creates a certain perception of the naked body. Two other sources offer an interesting look into how some people perceive the naked body. Both David Bell's article "Naked as Nature Intended" and Mark Storey's "Children, Social Nudity and Scholarly Study" discuss the reaction and affect of social nudity in nudist or naturists communities. Bell's article specifically incorporates the philosophies of nature and human nature into his study. This differing perspective is necessary to observe how humans innately see the body.

To study the perspective the general public has on the nature of the human body, we chose to include perspectives from sociology. Beth Eek's sociological study, "Nudity and Framing: Classifying Art, Pornography, Information, and Ambiguity," observed people's reactions to images on nudes in poplar culture and whether those images were seen as sexual, artistic, or informative. This relates directly to our method of surveying. Also, the website titled, "To See of Not to See" relates very well to our research topic. It is an article written by Julia Courtney, a woman who has taken up an interest in nude art because of society's rejections of it. This article relates to ideas of society, culture, history, representation, and philosophies behind art. The most useful segment of the article is that which looks into the different ways people understand nude art, and why they might understand it that way.

The study "Factors Affecting the Sexual Arousal Value of Pictures" is included in our research sources because it tested variables in art that make an image more sexual. This not only will offer us an example of methodologies, but it will also give us research to compare to our own. Seeing the level of sexuality in certain variables helps us to discover the boundary between sex and art.

The Muse? is a book that we picked purely for the paintings that it provides. We will use this book in order to find examples of nude paintings for our surveys that we will conduct. The images include a variety of female nudes, which we can relate to the cultural, social, and psychological perspectives of art and the naked body that we will have researched in other readings. The images portray women both as objects and subjects, and this should play a significant part in how people view them. We hope to find a variety of samples of nude art to use in our surveys in order to understand how, no matter what they are meant to portray, a viewer sees them.

Interdisciplinary Approach

Little research has actually been done on our specific research question in the past, although a lot of research and analysis has been done on nude art and on the way people react to nudity. However, to answer our question: Do human beings naturally view a representation of the naked body, through the medium of painting, as artistic or sexual? We must integrate the research of multiple disciplines and apply it to our question.

To understand the ways in which humans view nude art we will incorporate psychological, sociological, anthropological, biological, and artistic disciplines. Some of the sources that we found on these disciplines discuss differences in terms of gender, while others observe cultural or social trends of sexual behaviors. This information about how the body is seen from scientific disciplines will be compared to our own data about how people react to nude paintings.

To study the possibility that the body may be naturally viewed as artistic, we will be looking into the philosophical and historical role of how images of the body are interpreted. This will involve most of our sources that focus on the philosophies of the artists and the responses of art critics and audiences. Through using and integrating all of these sources we will be able to make a judgment on the natural and trained views of the human body.

Research Design

We will go about our research on the way the painted nude body is naturally observed in two ways. First, we will be researching other's works on related topics and using their information to help in our interpretation of human nature. Second, we will be surveying a random sample of the general public to find their responses and beliefs about the body.

We plan to show each person surveyed a number of nude paintings, and after each they will record their reaction. The main point of the survey will be to discover if the people see each painting as more sexual or artistic/beautiful. We will ask them to rate how they saw each piece. This may also include a few preliminary questions on their definitions of art and beauty and sexuality.

We will be looking at the different factors in the paintings that affect whether or not it is viewed as artistic or sexual. These variables include: male versus female, indoor versus outdoors, the positions of the subject, the number of people in the pieces, and the realism, of the representation. Each of these variables will be represented. We plan to keep all of the subjects in the same age group, 20's and 30's, so as to not allow for age differences to affect the outcome. There will also be representations of nude art from a range of time periods.

The point of investigating how and under what conditions, if any, the body is viewed as purely artistic or purely sexual will help us decide if either perspective is more popular than the other. We hope to discover if either viewpoint is trained rather than natural. We do acknowledge that the way in which each person reacts to the images will be heavily influenced by their cultural upbringing, but we hope that with enough research we can find which of these attitudes is more a function of society and which is more universal.
Methods and Materials

For our project the main forms of research are reading and using past articles and studies on relevant topics as well as a series of our data from surveys. Materials that will be needed for this project will then be books, journal articles and websites on anthropology, sociology, psychology, biology, and art history. For our surveys we will need access to a set of appropriate images of nude art as well as a copy of this set for each team member to conduct surveys. Of course we will also need subjects to participate in our surveys.
Our survey will consist of a number of both quantitative and qualitative questions. We will begin a basic question on the subject's gender. Then we will continue with question on his or her basic background information such as: religious affiliation, geographical origins, educational background and college major if applicable. A series of qualitative question will ensue enquiring to the subject's beliefs, opinions, and definitions of art, beauty, sexuality and nudity. The last section of the survey will show the subject a series of images of nude art. After each image, the subject will rate the sexuality/artistic quality of the painting and express their views on the image by circling words from a consistent list that they may use to describe the image.

We will work as a team to agree upon images and plan the organization of the surveys. We will also analyze the complied data and construct the paper as a group. We plan to pick a final set of images and write our survey during the week of February 21st through the 24th. By March 27th we hope to have all of our outside research of past works finished. We are aiming to have finished fifty surveys by March 31st. After all research is conducted we plan to construct our final creative piece as an exhibit of the utilized images.

Conclusion

To further the outcomes of our project, which we are excited to see, we hope to create a small exhibition so that others outside of our class can be part of our project! In our exhibition we will display the images that we used in our surveys. With each image we will provide captions of the artist's philosophies, as well as our findings of how the general public perceives them. This way, others can experience the art in person and hopefully have an understanding of this unique topic of human nature.

Works Cited

Books and journals:

Adler, Kathleen and Marcia Pointon, Ed. The Body Imaged: The Human Form and Visual Culture Since the Renaissance. Cambridge: University Press, 1993.

Bell, David J. and Ruth Holliday. "Naked as Nature Intended." Body & Society. Vol 6. Issue 3/4 (2000): 127-141.

Blank, Leonard . "Nakedness and Nudity: A Darwinian Explanation for Looking and Showing Behavior." Leonardo. Vol 6. Issue 1 (1973): 23-27.

Clair, Jean, Ed. Picasso ƒrotique. New York: Prestel-Verlag, 2001.

Costa, Marco, Christoph Braun and Niels Birbaumer. "Gender differences in response to pictures of nudes: a magneto encephalographic study." Biological Psychology. Vol 63. Issue 2 (2003): 129-148.

Dunwoody, Vera and Kathy Pezdek. "Factors Affecting the Sexual Arousal Value of Pictures." Journal of Sex Research. Vol 15 .Issue 4 (1979): 276-285.

Ebony, David. Harris, Jane. Richard, Frances. Schwendener, Martha. Valdez, Sarah. Yablonsky, Linda. (2003). Curve: The Female Nude Now. New York: Universe Publishing.

Eek, Beth A. "Nudity and Framing: Classifying Art, Pornography, Information, and Ambiguity." Sociological Forum. Vol 16. Issue 4 (2001): 603-633.

Lancaster, Roger N. (2003). The Trouble With Nature: Sex in Science and Popular Culture. Berkley: University of California Press.

Mahon, Alyce. (2005). Eroticism & Art. Oxford: University Press.

Nead, Lynda. The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Ropac, Thaddaeus. (1995). The Muse? Austria: Verlag Anton Pustet.

Solomon-Gadeau, Abigail. (1997). Male Trouble: A Crisis in Representation. London: Thames and Hudson.

Thomas, William I. "The Psychology of Modesty and Clothing." The American Journal of Sociology. Vol 5. Issue 2 (1899): 246-262.

Walters, Margaret. The Nude Male: A New Perspective. New York: Paddington Press, 1978.

Websites:

Courtney, Julia. "To See of Not to See." 28 June 2005
http://www.mindsisland.com/articles/about_art/125

Hile, Jennifer. "The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S." National Geographic Channel. 21
July 2004 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0721_040721_ tvnude_2.html

"Libido." Discovery Health. Feb 2006. 13 Feb 2006. 2002 Sinclair Intimacy Institute. .

McGowan, Kathleen. "The art of persuasion: why do thousands of volunteers take it off for Spencer Tunick?" Psychology Today. Oct 2003. 11 Feb 2006. 2003 Sussex Publishers, Inc. .

Storey, Mark. "Children, Social Nudity and Scholarly Study." Federation of Canadian Naturists. Feb 12 2006. 2005 Federation of Canadian Naturists. .

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