Stress and Amount of Sleep (okay... and BE STILL!)

Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether sleep has an effect on stress level, assuming blood pressure is an accurate measure of stress. The study will focus on whether there are any differences between stress levels of Architecture students and Western students at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. The hypothesis is that a person who has little sleep (probably due to heavy school work load) will be more stressed, and therefore will have higher blood pressure than those who get more sleep. The null hypothesis is that there is no statistical difference between the two groups (Western majors and Architecture majors). It is also believed that Architecture students probably have a higher stress level and therefore higher blood pressure than Western majors because of a more demanding curriculum. Here is a sample of the workload of a Western major and that of Architecture major:
Western Major
Work Approximate time to complete task Actual amount completed (in hours)
Read book for CC, answer response question 5 hrs. 2 hrs.
Read chapter for SS 1.5 hrs. 1.5 hrs.
Read IT and post response ² hr. ² hr.
Read NS 2 hr. 1 hr.
Spanish workbook ¸ hr. ¸ hr.
TOTALS 9.75 hrs. 5.75 hrs.
*CC= Creativity and Culture, SS= Social Systems, IT= Interdisciplinary Technology, NS= Natural Systems

Architecture Major
Work Approximate time to complete task Actual amount completed (in hours)
Read book for CC, answer response question 5 hrs. 2 hrs.
Read chapter for SS 1.5 hrs. 1.5 hrs.
Read NS 2 hr. 1 hr.
Graphic Media- portfolio drawings, color renderings 4.5 hrs. 1hr.
Studio- Model 6 hrs. 2 hrs.
TOTALS 19 hrs. 7.5 hrs.

The blood pressure of the same group of four architecture students and four Western students will be measured on randomly selected days of the week. Each individual has a different “normal blood pressure.” To address this, each specific person’s fluctuations in blood pressure and the amount of sleep the person has had will be compared.
After doing this experiment, the relationship between stress level and the amount of sleep a person gets will be better understood.
This project is of interest because the researchers are students and students are the subjects being tested. This research should be interesting because it has been noticed that architecture students seem to have a heavier workload, and is has been noted on many occasions that architecture students have very high levels of stress due to their workload.
While everyone’s blood pressure is specific to each individual, there are distinct normal levels. Blood pressure is measured with two numbers, one called systolic pressure and the other is called diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is blood being pumped through the veins by contractions of the heart causing pressure against the walls of veins. This is when the heart relaxes between beats and blood pressure decreases.
The normal level for systolic pressure, the top number in a blood pressure reading, is 140 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). The normal level for diastolic pressure, the bottom number in a blood pressure reading, is 90 mmHg. Borderline hypertension is a systolic pressure between 140 and 160 mmHg or a diastolic pressure between 90 and 95 mmHg. Hypertensive blood pressure is anything above a systolic pressure of 160 mmHg pressure and a diastolic pressure of 95 mmHg pressure.

Relevance
After extensive research, studies done on the relationship between sleep and stress were not found. However, a direct correlation between blood pressure and stress levels was found.
According to a stress management study done by Indiana University, increased blood pressure and changes in sleep pattern are indicators that one may be experiencing stress (Stress Management, 2001). Many other sources say that stress has been found to lead to high blood pressure. Also, when recommending how to treat hypertension, researchers say learning to manage stress is a major help (Blood Pressure, 2001). Two studies confirm that people under high stress at work have higher blood pressure, but their blood pressure returns to normal levels once away from the office (Stress Increases Blood Pressure, Causes Stroke, 2001). This is applicable to the project because being on a job is equivalent to being in the architecture studio. People with more demanding jobs showed higher blood pressure when at work, which is the prediction for this experiment, that architecture students, who have more demanding work than the Western majors, will have higher stress.
While researching blood pressure and stress, it was found that there is a difference between physical stress and emotional stress. This project is strictly focusing on emotional stress.

Materials and Methods
In order to collect a set of data, the blood pressure of a consistent group of 8 people will be taken 10 times, each time on a random day during the course of three weeks. Four of these students will be Architecture majors, and four will be Western majors. An electronic blood pressure monitor will be used to measure both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. While the blood pressure is being taken, those being tested will be asked how many hours of sleep they had gotten the previous night. The different amounts of sleep per night will be taken and put into three categories: zero to four hours of sleep, four to nine hours of sleep, and nine or more. This will help to better organize the information, since quality of sleep as well as people’s memories vary. When this data is obtained, all 10 of an individual’s systolic blood pressures will be plotted against the amount of sleep on a graph. Another graph for the individual’s diastolic blood pressure and amount of sleep will be made on vellum paper, and these graphs will be placed on top of each other. This will allow the slope of the two graphs to be generalized into one, since blood pressure consists of two different numbers. Doing this for each person will allow the fluctuation in the graph to be observed (to compare to the hypothesis), as each individual has a “normal” range for blood pressure. As these points are plotted on the graph, they will also be analyzed with the “Graphical Analysis” program to see if there is a line of best fit and whether the correlation is statistically significant. After conclusions have been made about each individual, the graphs will be separated into two groups: Architecture majors and Western majors. Then the two different groups will be compared to see if there is any difference. The data will be analyzed by looking at where the higher blood pressures fall in respect to the hours of sleep. Then, the data will be separated by Western or architecture majors, and the mean blood pressure will be taken for each group to see which one is generally higher.
When the lab is presented to the class, the students will serve as the “control” group, since there are a mix of Architecture and Western majors. The blood pressures of everyone in the class will be taken for one day only to see if the class follows the predicted trend that people with less sleep will have higher blood pressure. The class will plot the blood pressures as well as amount of sleep on one set of two (systolic and diastolic) graphs, using the same strategy as specified above. Then the class will be asked to compare these graphs with the graphs designated “Architecture” and “Western” groups.

Timeline
9/24/01- Took blood pressure of 10 people
9/27/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/1/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/2/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/3/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/4/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/8/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/16/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 9- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 10- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 11- Take blood pressure of NS class and have class graph blood pressures.
Day 12- Analyze Data

Materials and Methods
In order to collect a set of data, the blood pressure of a consistent group of 8 people will be taken 10 times, each time on a random day during the course of three weeks. Four of these students will be Architecture majors, and four will be Western majors. An electronic blood pressure monitor will be used to measure both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. While the blood pressure is being taken, those being tested will be asked how many hours of sleep they had gotten the previous night. The different amounts of sleep per night will be taken and put into three categories: zero to four hours of sleep, four to nine hours of sleep, and nine or more. This will help to better organize the information, since quality of sleep as well as people’s memories vary. When this data is obtained, all 10 of an individual’s systolic blood pressures will be plotted against the amount of sleep on a graph. Another graph for the individual’s diastolic blood pressure and amount of sleep will be made on vellum paper, and these graphs will be placed on top of each other. This will allow the slope of the two graphs to be generalized into one, since blood pressure consists of two different numbers. Doing this for each person will allow the fluctuation in the graph to be observed (to compare to the hypothesis), as each individual has a “normal” range for blood pressure. As these points are plotted on the graph, they will also be analyzed with the “Graphical Analysis” program to see if there is a line of best fit and whether the correlation is statistically significant. After conclusions have been made about each individual, the graphs will be separated into two groups: Architecture majors and Western majors. Then the two different groups will be compared to see if there is any difference. The data will be analyzed by looking at where the higher blood pressures fall in respect to the hours of sleep. Then, the data will be separated by Western or architecture majors, and the mean blood pressure will be taken for each group to see which one is generally higher.
When the lab is presented to the class, the students will serve as the “control” group, since there are a mix of Architecture and Western majors. The blood pressures of everyone in the class will be taken for one day only to see if the class follows the predicted trend that people with less sleep will have higher blood pressure. The class will plot the blood pressures as well as amount of sleep on one set of two (systolic and diastolic) graphs, using the same strategy as specified above. Then the class will be asked to compare these graphs with the graphs designated “Architecture” and “Western” groups.

Timeline
9/24/01- Took blood pressure of 10 people
9/27/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/1/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/2/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/3/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/4/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/8/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/16/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 9- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 10- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 11- Take blood pressure of NS class and have class graph blood pressures.
Day 12- Analyze Data

Materials and Methods
In order to collect a set of data, the blood pressure of a consistent group of 8 people will be taken 10 times, each time on a random day during the course of three weeks. Four of these students will be Architecture majors, and four will be Western majors. An electronic blood pressure monitor will be used to measure both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. While the blood pressure is being taken, those being tested will be asked how many hours of sleep they had gotten the previous night. The different amounts of sleep per night will be taken and put into three categories: zero to four hours of sleep, four to nine hours of sleep, and nine or more. This will help to better organize the information, since quality of sleep as well as people’s memories vary. When this data is obtained, all 10 of an individual’s systolic blood pressures will be plotted against the amount of sleep on a graph. Another graph for the individual’s diastolic blood pressure and amount of sleep will be made on vellum paper, and these graphs will be placed on top of each other. This will allow the slope of the two graphs to be generalized into one, since blood pressure consists of two different numbers. Doing this for each person will allow the fluctuation in the graph to be observed (to compare to the hypothesis), as each individual has a “normal” range for blood pressure. As these points are plotted on the graph, they will also be analyzed with the “Graphical Analysis” program to see if there is a line of best fit and whether the correlation is statistically significant. After conclusions have been made about each individual, the graphs will be separated into two groups: Architecture majors and Western majors. Then the two different groups will be compared to see if there is any difference. The data will be analyzed by looking at where the higher blood pressures fall in respect to the hours of sleep. Then, the data will be separated by Western or architecture majors, and the mean blood pressure will be taken for each group to see which one is generally higher.
When the lab is presented to the class, the students will serve as the “control” group, since there are a mix of Architecture and Western majors. The blood pressures of everyone in the class will be taken for one day only to see if the class follows the predicted trend that people with less sleep will have higher blood pressure. The class will plot the blood pressures as well as amount of sleep on one set of two (systolic and diastolic) graphs, using the same strategy as specified above. Then the class will be asked to compare these graphs with the graphs designated “Architecture” and “Western” groups.

Timeline
9/24/01- Took blood pressure of 10 people
9/27/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/1/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/2/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/3/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/4/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/8/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
10/16/01- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 9- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 10- “ “ “ “ “ “
Day 11- Take blood pressure of NS class and have class graph blood pressures.
Day 12- Analyze Data

Procedure

1. Take blood pressure and document the number of hours of sleep from previous night on the data sheet.
2. Plot two graphs for the class using the following variables (When plotting the amount of sleep use the following intervals: zero to four hours, four to 9 hours, and 9 hours or more):
a. Systolic blood pressure vs. amount of sleep
b. Diastolic Blood pressure vs. amount of sleep
3. Compare data to the given hypothesis.
4. Separate the data by majors: Architecture or Western.
5. Plot the following graphs:
a. Systolic blood pressure of architecture majors vs. amount of sleep of architecture majors
b. Systolic blood pressure of western majors vs. amount of sleep of western majors.
6. Analyze the graphs to see if the data follows the hypothesis.

Works Cited

Anderson, Robert. Stress Power! New York: Human Sciences Press, 1978.

Bieliauskas, Linas. Stress and It’s Relationship to Health and Illness. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1982.

Blood Pressure. Online. Internet. 25 Sept. 2001.
http://www.tmc.edu/thi/hbp.html

Does Stress Really Cause Heart Disease? Online. Internet. 25 Sept. 2001.
http://heartdisease.about.com/library/weekly/aa101100a.htm?iam=dpile&terms=%2Bstress

Instruction Manual: Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor. Vernon Hills, Illinois: Omron
Healthcare, Inc., 1998.

Marx, Jean. Stress: Role in Hypertension Debated. Science, New Series. Volume 198,
Issue 4320. 2 Dec 1977.

Maigruppo: Forskare/Experter. Online. Internet. 15 Sept. 2001.
http://www.safari.gu.se/pages/115.html

Stress Increases Blood Pressure, Causes Stroke. Online. Internet. 25 Sept. 2001.
http://www.bloodpressure.com/whatsnew/FeaturedArticles.

Stress Management. Online. Internet. 25 Sept. 2001.
http://www.indiana.edu/~health/stres.html

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