Final 1 Western Pond (A)

Introduction

The Western Pond watershed is an intriguing project to take on because it is different then the other two watersheds this class is looking into. The fact that the pond is not natural and was produced for human use sparks many interesting questions pertaining to the societies that created and maintain it and the cultures that give it value enough to keep. Our group would like to begin our project by looking into the overall health of the pond and its input and output to find out how healthy of an environment it is currently for the animal population that willingly and unwillingly resides in, on and around it. Since the presence of these animals acts as a sign of societal interests we want to delve into the history behind the pond and try to find out what drove its creation and now its maintenance. Since this pond has been available for human consumption we would also like to look into the culture that has surrounded it for so many years. Our plans include looking into the many uses the pond has had and also stories, images and writings displaying peoples feelings and connections to the pond and the surrounding water shed. Our final results will most likely be presented in the form of a video shot on the western watershed where we will be able to discuss our scientific findings, share stories and facts about the pond and cover many of the social questions associated with water bodies engineered by humans. We expect that their will be a significant difference between the levels of fecal coliform in the western pond and a pond rated as healthy. Furthermore we expect western pond to have higher levels showing that the population of birds kept on the pond is larger then the sanitary limit thus raising issues to what drives our need to have them there.

Relevance of your Research Question

The following articles will be most effective in helping us recognize key indicators to sound pond management:

• Western Pond A: hays' response (3/8/02) [ Contributor: Hays Cummins ]
• Keep It Hardy-a guide for pond care emphasizes the need for vegetated buffer zones between lawn area and the pond which will prevent phosphorous loading from run-off, which can result in pond eutrophication. Eutrophication is excessive algae growth with the addition of the limiting nutrient phosphorous. The algae bloom blanket that grows and covers the pond has the affect of blocking sunlight from entering the depths of the pond and chokes pond life by sucking up all remaining dissolved oxygen when the algae decomposes. Vegetated buffer zones filter other nutrients and pollutants before reaching the pond as well. The most applicable purpose of buffer zones to our study is their ability to "minimize the impact of pesticides and fertilizers from our lawns (i.e. run-off from the finely manicured art museum grounds add nuisance chemicals to the pond) and oil and grease from our streets and driveways (the ceaseless traffic of the Miami Metro buses that pass along the pond must add unwanted pollutants to the pond!)" (The Hardy Pond Association 4). We will investigate whether physical facilities and the Western Pond's groundskeepers have created adequate buffer zones with a variety of native shrubs, ground cover, and trees. We will also count the number of storm drains in place that collect storm run-off and divert it away from the pond.
• The Ohio State University Bulletin 374-99: Ohio Pond Management, stresses the importance of watersheds when managing a pond because "the water source for most pond in Ohio is surface runoff from the surrounding land". Like the aforementioned resource, the OSU Bulletin discusses the problems with runoff (high sedimentation rates, turnover, and storage problems), what measures should be taken to divert poor quality runoff, and the necessity of a sufficient amount of runoff during times of drought. All of these are dependent on the watershed size and its land use determinations. Also provided are requirements for a good pond and measurements to assess its health, which will be crucial to the natural science research strategy of our lab.



• The United States Department of Agriculture's, Ponds-Planning, Design, Construction, supplied most of the background knowledge needed for the interview with physical facilities. Included are terms and their definitions that are crucial to our lab such embankment and excavated ponds, spillways and inlets as well as tables that will likely be incorporated into our visual presentation.
• The U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Water-Quality Data Needs for Small Watersheds-Surface-Water Data, provided us with the water sample strategy cited in our research design and the recommended techniques for modeling non-point source pollution are a possible avenue for us to explore as well.

Articles with Social and Cultural Relevance to our Project:

• Western Pond A: hays' response (3/8/02) [ Contributor: Hays Cummins ]
• Pond Management-Pros and Con of Weed Control with Grass Carp adds a unique cultural, social consideration to our project. The Ohio Revised Code states that it is illegal to introduce exotic species of fish into public or private waters of the state. As a result, the stocking of vegetation-feeding fish was illegal until a triploid (not capable of reproducing) variety became available. In 1963, the white amur, more commonly known as the grass carp was introduced by the Bureau of Sports Fisheries. They were testing the Eastern Asian fishŐs abilities as a natural weed controller. Currently, "white amurs are readily available from fish sellers in at least 40 states" and they have been approved for use in Ohio lakes and ponds. What we wish to know is whether or not physical facilities has thought about stocking Western Pond with grass as an alternative to the chemical treatment of a pond to rid it of weeds. Or could this tradeoff have long-term adverse affects as hinted at by this journal article (i.e. exotic species competing with the native species for food or the amur possibly eating native species of fish)? Also, do the ducks act as a form for weed control?
• In the article previous to Pond Management-Pros and Cons of Weed Control with Grass Carp is a great testimony of Debra who created her own pond for a mere thirty dollars. This would be an excellent resource for the social and cultural component of our project. Debra creates her own pond without consulting anyone, she just begins digging a little ditch complete with her own waterfall. It is difficult to decide whether Debra is being more true to nature in her pond construction than say the creators of Western Pond. Rather than spend a huge expense on landscaping accessories such a plants, land cover, stones that "are an absolute necessity for the sake of camouflage", Debra substitutes these "accessories" with the tools that surround her. She transplants pieces of moss and irises from her property, digs up ajuga (groundcover) and blankets it around the pond, and camouflages the edges with "scavenged honeysuckle, pebbles, and large pieces of bark stripped from rotten tree branches in our brush pile/bird habitat". Then she says she Ňset off her rustic but elegnat 'water feature' with golden, fragrant pine straw, and invited three 'feeder' goldfish to move in". What are the social and cultural implications of Debra's actions then? Is Debra arranging a more natural pond; is it less artificial than Western pond? After all, she is using natural tools rather than plastic or fertilized ones. From her perspective, landscapers promote their tools as necessary to make a profit, but really they are just "accessories". Is DebraŐs noncompliance with traditional methods for pond construction more harmful or salutary to the natural environment though? She uses these natural tools but at the expense of destroying a birdŐs habitat, uprooting plants from their original environments, and the goldfish she added were not suited to the water's temperature and did not survive. Perhaps the tools suggested by landscape architects provide actual camouflage as well as just visual "camouflage, meaning they are more naturally suited to the environment. The third consideration is that one method is not more "natural" over the other and if there were, it would be not be quantifiable. This passage also attests to the social costs of pond construction. For instance, Debra has to grin at her aesthetic masterpiece and exclaim "thirty bucks". It also lends credence to the human desire to have elegant, controllable, manufactured ponds. Debra manipulated her garden to her wanting (never seeking the advice of others on whether her practices were environmentally beneficial) and even suggests domination over the pond when she says "there-naked and unashamed-was our pond!".
• Creating a Friendlier Pond, is a look at the hottest trends in landscaping that promote bio-friendly ponds. The author asserts that ponds can be designed so they establish a "natural ecosystem with plants and fishes". We will use the criteria he lists for doing so to assess whether or not his assertion is feasible; is there such thing as a bio-friendly? And does Western Pond fit the description for a "waterscape", as they are now referring to bio-friendly ponds in the landscape market. It will be interesting to see where our group places this new "bio-friendly" pond concept in the scheme of the environmental movement as well.

Web Sites

Freshwater Fish Restocking Project Extended
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/news/NewsReleases/7563.html
Queensland Government - Department of Primary Industries
31 October 2001

This website houses an article about a scientific experiment involving fish restocking in a lake. It makes the point that several different types of fish may be related in population - so perhaps we can apply the same idea to the Western pond. The pamphlet produced by the study - on proper fish restocking techniques - could have information useful to our study as well.

Fish Pond Management
http://www.ai.org/dnr/fishwild/fsmgt/whatfsh.htm
Indiana DNR - Division of Fish and Wildlife

This article refers to the Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife's reccomendations for game fish pond stocking. For game fish like bluegill and bass, it reccomends proper ratios and reccomends the amount of fish for any particular size pond. With this information (and the information we gather about the fish in Western Pond) we can analyze the population and come to better understanding of the health of the pond in general.

General Information on Fecal Coliform
http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/FECAL/info/FColi.html

This site is a helpful in understanding the significance of fecal coliform, the main focus of the science portion of this project.

Managing Sport Fish Populations in Farm Ponds
http://www.bagelhole.org/article.php/Water/108/
begelhole.org

This article is about game fishing and stocking ponds for the purposes of fishing. The interesting data here refers to several mathematical equations that help define the surface area and volume of the pond, something which might be of use to our study. It also describes two techniques for sampling the population of fish, although this article is based mostly on game fish and fishing techniqes for game fish.

Watershed and Aquatic Ecosystems

This article is a working paper of a study done for the Forest Service that summarizes how watersheds and aquatic ecosystems will be addressed in Forest Plan Revision. It is a series of concerns and issues that are mostly public originated. The in-depth list of concerns focuses on restoration, protection and management of watersheds and aquatic systems. This is a valuable resource for us as we study the Western Pond, since it encompasses so many different types of concerns. It is a great source for ideas and ways that we can look into the Western Pond system. It also has a list of measures that the study finds valuable to understanding the aquatic systems. This is the article that we will examine to further shape the types of things we are studying about the Western Pond and to help bring our project to a successful synthesis. It exists primarily as an in-depth and very specific idea list whcih will help us a great deal as our study progresses.

Interdisciplinary Approach

While analyzing the different aspects of this project and of the Western watershed we have found that the cultural and social aspects of the water shed are extremely intriguing due to the fact that that pond was built by humans for human consumption. Unlike the two other watersheds being studied western pond has a very distinct and recent history that our campus holds very dear. To side step the cultural and social aspect of the system and create a mainly science oriented project would display a diminish view of the overall value of the Pond and its watershed. Since the pond is a man made entity we are able to research the social perspectives of why it was built and how it has been utilized over the years, we also hope to shed some light onto what in society drives us to maintain a pond and keep it stalked with fish and birds. We can go farther and look into the some of the rules that pertain to the pond and its surrounding watershed to find out what exactly are the qualities of the pond that are expected to be maintained.

Western has always been a community and we want to delve into what role the pond and watershed has played in that community, we plan to dig into the archives and pull imagery and writings covering what this area has meant to the people that have become close to it over the years. Below we have included a picture taken from the archives that displays what the watershed has brought to the learning community. Thru the cultural look at the pond we would like to look at the different ŇWesternÓ communities and how they interacted with the surrounding area. We would like to know if the pond helped control the Peabody fires and we would like to dig into what type of events western has sponsored surrounding the pond.

We in no way want to avoid the scientific aspects of the project. We plan on looking into the current health of the pond as compared to the record of pond health and biodiversity in the past. We also want to make sure to specifically look at records of pond health from the most recent time it was emptied to present. Has it become more stable and more able to support life? Are the animals that reside in it at an equilibrium with there environment or is stability slowly degrading. We also want to look into aspects of pollution from road run off and entry point pollution which is also mainly road runoff. The main things we want to look into and compare with other times and with pond health standards are PH, Sediment loads, Dissolved O2, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Fecal Coli form. We are also looking into analyzing some aspects of soil health as to understand its capability to absorb water.

Research Design

Our research design will address those physical and chemical requirements that make for a good pond-biologically, socially, and culturally-and are necessary for proper pond management. We have collected these requirements from what The Ohio State University and The Butler County SWCD identified as healthy pond indicators.

In accordance with the literature we have read on man-made ponds, we plan on measuring:

1. The pondŐs surface area and its volume. Surface area is linked to how the pond should be stocked and pond volume is used in determining the amount of chemicals that can be used by pond managers.


2. The pondŐs average depth in feet from at least 15 readings.


3. Temperature of the pond. The temperature affects the spawning of fish, aquatic plant life productivity, the amount of dissolved oxygen (it decreases as temperature increases) and the efficacy of fish toxicants and herbicides.


4. The amount of dissolved oxygen measured in parts per million (ppm). We will place particular emphasis on the DO amount in the upper four feet of the pond, where the Ohio State University maintains that if DO drops to or below 4 ppm Ňfish and other organisms will start to show stressÓ (Bulletin 374-99). The DO amounts will hopefully explicate the need for and efficacy of the artificial aeration system in the pond.


To draw conclusions, we will compare the DO amounts and correlating temperatures of the Western Duck Pond to this control table presented by the Ohio State University:

Amount of Dissolved Oxygen(ppm) in Pure Water at Different Water Temperatures (at sea level)

Temperature (F) Approximate PPM 35 13.4 40 12.7 45 11.8 50 10.9 55 10.2 60 9.7 65 9.2 70 8.7 75 8.3 80 7.9




5. The pH (hydrogen ion concentration). Most ponds must have a pH between 5 and 10 to support freshwater fish.


6. The secchi depth to measure the fertility or density of plankton. If this rudimentary link in the food web is missing, this signals an unbalanced condition which will result in decreased production of organisms further up on the food chain who rely on plankton as a source of food. A plankton population that permits light to penetrate 15 to 18 inches deep is thought to be an indicator of ŇgoodÓ fertility.


7. Water flow. We will take uniform, seasonal, diurnal, and storm runoff samples. This sample strategy for collecting samples was taken from the U.S. Department of the InteriorŐs Geological Survey, "Water-Quality Data Needs for Small Watersheds-Surface-Water Data."
   --Uniform: 4 samples collected on randomly selected days.

--Seasonal: 3 sample sets collected during the beginning, middle, and end of the spring season.
--Diurnal: 3 sample sets collected on randomly selected days at sunrise, noon, and sunset.
--Storm Runoff: Sample over at least 4 storm runoff events.


8. The kinds, size, and numbers of fish stocked in the pond. And the following will be further investigated:
   --Were these fish purchased from area fish propagators or drawn from surrounding watersheds?

--Is there a combination of forage (i.e. bluegill) and predator (i.e. largemouth bass) fish species?
--Are there any unpredictable or exotic species of fish inhabiting the pond?
--Why is fishing in Western Pond restricted?


9. The efficacy of the artificial aeration system by asking the following questions:
   --Does the aerator increase the amount of dissolved oxygen? What are the maintenance and/or biological reason for increasing the pondŐs amount dissolved oxygen? A possible biological benefit of aerators would be they act as "aquatic vegetation control" by providing oxygen for aerobic bacteria to decompose organic matter (Bulletin 374-99).

--Does the aerator effectively circulate the pond water, eliminating the stratification between oxygenated and oxygen deficient layers of the pond?
--Does the aerator prevent the complete freezing of the pond surface? Does the aerator therefore prevent the pond's historical recreational component of ice skating?
--What has prevented facilities from attaching a fountain head to the aerator to make it more aesthetically pleasing?

All of these measurements seemed inextricably linked in that the disruption of one measure necessitates a disruption in the rest. Therefore, we view them as being of equal importance and must be studied in conjunction. The data collected from these synergistic measurements will allow us to assess how balanced the ecosystem of Western Duck Pond is from both a natural and anthropocentric perspective.

For the social and cultural components of our sampling design we have planned on the following:
A. To email Western Alum to elicit their reactions, memories, or anecdotes concerning Western Pond and incorporate them creatively into our final presentation.
B. To interview current students on their impressions of the pond and what research they have carried out on the pond in their classes.
C. Research uses of the pond in the past (i.e. Western Olympics, ice skating, icehouse, etc.) and collate photographs of these events.
D. Take our own photographs of the pond and the biodiversity it supports.
E. Research the Western Archives and Lane Public Library Smith Collection for historical references to Western Duck Pond.
F. Interview physical facilities and either capture it in video or audio form. We will pose the following questions:

Questions to be posed to physical facilities:

--What purposes would you say Western Pond served when it was constructed?
Water and Livestock for perhaps:

• Western Pond A: hays' response (3/8/02) [ Contributor: Hays Cummins ] --Fish production

--Field and orchard spraying
--Fire protection
--Energy conservation
--Wildlife habitat
--Recreation
--Erosion control
--Landscape improvement

--What purposes does it serve today?
--Would you consider yourself a specialist? What kind? A conservationist? Engineer? Specialist in land use?
--Are you an environmentalist?
--Is Western Pond an embankment or an excavated pond?
--What is the pondŐs main source of water? Surface of groundwater?
--In Ohio the recommended minimum depth of water for ponds is 6-7 feet deep. How deep is Western Pond?
--To maintain the required depth and capacity of the pond the inflow must be reasonably free of silt from an eroding watershed. What applications of erosion control do you employ?
--Does the soil around the pond contain materials (clay, sand, gravel, silt) that make it impervious and thick enough to prevent excessive seepage?
--How high is the dam? Is it located in an area where it has not damaged commercial, residential, industrial buildings? Has the dam interrupted the use of public utilities? Has it ever resulted in the loss of wildlife?
--Has the dam ever failed, resulting in the sudden release of water?
--Is there an adequate supply of water in the pond to be possibly used for fire protection?
--Has Western Pond increased the landŐs property value by increasing landscape quality?
--Does drainage from farmsteads, feedlots, sewage lines, etc. reach the pond? Or are there diversions or pipe spillways in place that redirect runoff to appropriate places? Where are those places?
--Is the approximate size of the drainage area now desirable? Is it suitable for the desired water storage capacity?
--Why was it necessary to drain the pond a decade ago?
--What are your thoughts on professors restocking the pond with fish from HarkerŐs Run following the drainage?
--Why is the pond aerated?
--Has there ever been the fear of water evaporation during periods of drought due to the size of the drainage area?
--Do any buried pipelines or cables cross the pond site?
--What measures are taken to prevent non-point source pollution? (i.e. the trail of oil from the parking lots and buses that runoff into the pond when it rains)
--Waterfowl, like ducks, often use ponds as feeding, breeding, watering, resting places because there is an ample food supply. So why clip their wings if they would return on their own volition?

Materials & Methods

Much of our project will revolve around research and interviews allowing for a strong social view of the western watershed. We will be utilizing Digital video cameras throughout the project to help log what we are doing. As for the science aspects of this project we will be utilizing a Fecal Coliform test kit, however since we will be acquiring it next week we are unable to give details to how it works and the way we will proceed with testing. We are also as of yet unsure of how many different tests should be done, due to this our datasheet is very primitive. However we do know that we will need to look at fecal coliform levels at different points within western pond as well as key locations upstream and down stream to get an idea for how much is due to the ponds use and if it has an effect farther down stream.
Our group has naturally split into subsections which allow us to each grasp something we enjoy doing. Emily has a strong interest in research and history of the area. She also is into acting and performance which will come in handy if we follow through with our video display of results. Christian works well with technology and focuses on producing and presenting the project. He also works on manages the scientific aspects of the project. Neal has an interest in the construction and maintenance of the pond and will be focusing on the aspects of its upkeep through the years.
To improve our project we have formed a strong alliance with the other group studding the western pond. We plan to not only share results, thus allowing us to place information on sediment loads within our project but we will also be working closely with them to collect all the data. This will allow for us to better manage our busy schedules and allow us to not get annoyed with only testing only one thing.
We are weary to decide what type of statistical analysis we will provide since it is not yet possible to determine the type of results the kit will give us. We of course plan on comparing the levels between each location and also trying to compare those with information on other watersheds.
Next week we will be receiving the fecal coliform test kit so we will at that time look into how it works and what conditions need to be met for best results. This way we can plan our testing schema around that. As for other research, we have been doing research in the western archives, the smith library and other more mainstream locations. Our plan is to organize a time the week we get back from spring break to send a rep from our group and a rep from the other western pond group to meet with physical facilities to find out more about the ponds maintenance. Some of the questions we will be asking are found above in the research design section That same week we want to (test permitting) get the testing going. We will plan on getting that taken care of quickly so that we can utilize our time in April to compile our results, analyze them and build the final presentation.

Results

There are no real results yet but check out some of our clips from our first video.

Sources:

Library

Agriculture handbook (United States. Dept. of Agriculture) ; no. 590

Black, Kenneth D. "Environmental Impacts of Aquaculture." Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press; Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.

Burton, Robert, (1941). Ponds : their wildlife and upkeep / Robert Burton Imprint Newton Abbot [Eng.] ; North Pomfret, Vt. : David & Charles, c1977 LOCATION Science Lib 3rd Flr

Chakroff, Marilyn. "Freshwater Fish Pond Culture and Management." Washington, D.C.: The Corps, 1984.

Doppelt, Bob. "Entering the Watershed: A New Approach to Save America's River Ecosystems." Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993.

Horvath, L‡zl—, Gizella Tam‡s, and Chris Seagrave. "Carp and Pondfish Culture." New York:Halsted Press, 1992.

Michael, George R. "Managed Aquatic Ecosystems." New York: Elsevier, 1987.

Mills, George E. Operation, maintenance and inspection manual for dams, dikes and levees / prepared by George E. Mills Imprint [Columbus] : Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Dam Inspection Section, 1983

Ponds--planning, design, construction Imprint [Washington, D.C.?] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1997 edition Rev. Sept. 1997

Rountree, Bobby & Dykes, Norman Making a Drainage Pond into a Park Appears In Parks & Recreation. v23n1 Jan 1988. p.38-40 KING PERIODICAL (shelved by title)

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service. "Ponds-Planning, Design, Construction." 1997.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service. "Protecting Our Watersheds Through Research and Management: Challenge and Opportunities." 2001.

PDF's

Modification of an index of biotic integrity for assessing vernal ponds and small palustrine wetlands using fish, crayfish, and amphibian assemblages along southern Lake Michigan

Keep it Hardy- A guide for Pond Care

Pond Management - Pros and Cons of weed controle with grass carp

Creating a Friendlier Pond

Three Challenges to River Conservation

Online Sources

Freshwater Fish Restocking Project Extended
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/news/NewsReleases/7563.html
Queensland Government - Department of Primary Industries
31 October 2001

Fish Pond Management
http://www.ai.org/dnr/fishwild/fsmgt/whatfsh.htm
Indiana DNR - Division of Fish and Wildlife

General Information on Fecal Coliform
http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/FECAL/info/FColi.html

Managing Sport Fish Populations in Farm Ponds
http://www.bagelhole.org/article.php/Water/108/
begelhole.org

Watershed and Aquatic Ecosystems

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Here is a list of responses that have been posted to this Study...

• Western Pond A: hays' response (3/8/02) [ Contributor: Hays Cummins ]
• The Fish Pond? (3/6/02) [ Contributor: Christopher Wolfe ]

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OTHER ACADEMIC COURSES, STUDENT RESEARCH, OTHER STUFF Find the most recent on-campus COURSE SYLLABI......! Fall 2005, WCP 121- Participatory Research in the Environmental Sciences WCP 401/GLG401/501-Global Climate Change, 2005 Fall 2004, WCP 121- Participatory Research in the Environmental Sciences Fall 2004, GLG 205: Evolution and Earth Systems WCP 401/GLG401/501-Global Climate Change, 2004 WCP 261/262-What is Human Nature? 2004 Fall 2003, WCP 121-Research in the Environmental Sciences Fall 2003, GLG 205: Evolution and Earth Systems WCP 401/GLG401/501-Global Climate Change, 2003 WCP 261-Rivers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, 2003 Fall 2002, WCP 121-Participatory Research in the Environmental Sciences Fall 2002, GLG 205: Evolution and Earth Systems 2002, WCP 401/GLG401/501-Global Climate Change 2002, WCP 261-Rivers: Images, Policy and Science 2001, WCP 121-Participatory Research in the Environmental Sciences 2001, WCP 401/GLG401/501-Global Climate Change 2001, WCP 222-The Nature of Human Nature 2000, WCP 121-From the Universe to the Duck Pond: Patterns and Processes in Natural Systems Fall 2000, GLG 205: Evolution and Earth Systems 2000, WCP 401/GLG401/501-Global Climate Change 2000, WCP 222-The Nature of Human Nature Fall'99, WCP 121-From the Universe to the Duck Pond: Patterns and Processes in Natural Systems '99, Critical Reflections on the Life Sciences: Lives in Science '99, Technology in the Inquiry-Based Science Classroom Fall'99, GLG 205: Evolution and Earth Systems '98, The Nature of Human Nature 2003,GLG 412/512/599.T-Tropical Marine Ecology of the Florida Keys, Everglades and Bahamas 2000, GLG 413/513 Tropical Ecosystems of Costa Rica STUDENT RESEARCH PROJECTS AND FEEDBACK......! Spring 2006-What is Human Nature? Fall 2005-NS1: Participatory Research in Environmental Science Global Change 2005- Peer Review Spring 2005-What is Human Nature? Fall 2004-NS1: Participatory Research in Environmental Science Fall 2004- Evolution and Earth Systems Global Change 2004- Peer Review Global Change 2004- Peer Review Spring 2004-What is Human Nature? Fall 2003-NS1: Participatory Research in Environmental Science Fall 2003- Evolution and Earth Systems Spring 2003-Global Climate Change Peer Review Spring 2003-Rivers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective Fall 2002-Natural Systems 1: Participatory Research in Env Sci Fall 2002- Evolution and Earth Systems Spring 2002-RIVERS: IMAGES, POLICY, AND SCIENCE Spring 2002--Global Climate Change Spring 2002--The Nature of Human Nature Spring 2002--NS 1, Chemistry, Ecology and Society Fall 2001-Natural Systems 1 Student Research & Peer Review Spring 2001-The Nature of Human Nature Field Research Spring 2001-Global Climate Change Student Research & Peer Review Fall 2000-Natural Systems 1 Student Research & Peer Review Fall 2000-Evolution & Earth Systems Student Research Spring 2000-The Nature of Human Nature Field Research Spring 2000-Global Climate Change Research & Peer Review Fall 99-Natural Systems 1 Student Research & Peer Review Fall 99-Evolution & Earth Systems Spring 99-Critical Reflections in the Life Sciences Spring 98-The Nature of Human Nature Fall 98-Natural Systems 1 Student Research & Peer Review Fall 97-Natural Systems 1 Research Menu | Educational Philosophy | Discovery Labs: Moon, Geologic Time, Sun, Taxonomy, Frisbee | Project Dragonfly | Vita |Field Course Postings | Student Research Postings | Nature/Science Autobiography | Environmental Programs at Miami University

TEACHING TOOLS & OTHER STUFF Visit some terrific DISCOVERY LABS.....! The Frisbee Lab The Moon Lab Geologic Time The Sun Lab The Taxonomy Lab Kepler's Laws and Jupiter's Moons Course DISCUSSION SITES--Add a comment......! Global Climate Change Course Starting Points--New Marine Ecology Course Starting Points--NEW --Marine Ecology LISTserve Costa Rica Course Starting Points--NEW --Costa Rica LISTserve Rivers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective--NEW Evolution & Earth Systems Discussion PRESENT --Evolution & Earth Systems Discussion PAST NS1: Participatory Research in Environmental Science PRESENT --NS1: Participatory Research in Environmental Science PAST Science Center Discussion Site Daily Necessities: Macintosh Resources |Search Engines | Library Resources|Server Stats| Family Album | View My Schedule | View Guestbook | Western College "Multimedia Potpourri" Edge of the Farm Conservation Area Harrison Scholar Hurricane Ike Service Trip 2008 Harrison Scholar Costa Rica Trip 2008 Spider Holding and Sex Education Night, Spring 2008 View Western College Photos/Movies! Spider and Cider Night, Fall 2007 Harrison Scholars New Orleans Service Trip 2007 Harrison Scholar Costa Rica Trip 2007 Harrison Scholars Louisiana Service Trip 2006 Spider and Cider Night, Fall 2006 View Western College Photos/Movies! Crawfish Festival 2006 Human Nature Multiple Intelligences' Lab, March 2006 Popcorn and Pythons Night, Spring 2006 Maple Syrup Festival, 2006 Spider and Cider Night, Fall 2005 Western College Graduation 2005 Spider and Cider Night, Spring 2005 Sharon Long Reception Photos/Movies 2005! Diane Kaufman Retirement Reception, Dec 2004 Spider and Cider Night, Fall 2004 Creek Walk, Natural Systems 1, Fall 2004 Western College Graduation 2004 Winter/Spring Ohio Bird Photo Collection Quicktime Streaming Slideshow Crawfish Festival 2004 Human Nature Multiple Intelligences' Lab, April 2004 Institute of Environmental Sciences Banquet, March 2004 Zoo Visit, Feb 2004 Popcorn and Pythons Slides, Jan 2004 Popcorn and Pythons Movie, Jan 2004 Popcorn and Pythons, Fall 2002 Popcorn and Pythons, Spring 2002 Natural Systems Creek Walk, 2003 Ohio-Louisiana 2003 Crawfish Festival 2001 Louisiana-Ohio Crawfish Festival Movie Western College Graduation Weekend, Spring 2003 Little Miami River Field Trip, April 2003 Collins Run Fish Collecting Trip, 2003 Environmental Effects on Fish Populations in Miami University Creeks Stream Sampling: Fish Diversity Study Slides, 2002 Stream Sampling: Fish Diversity Study MOVIE, 2002 Spring Valley Field Trip 2003 Visiting Southern Louisiana, Spring 2002