Draft 2: A Summer Along Four Mile Creek

I. Introduction

The purpose of our Rivers project is to investigate and analyze Four Mile Creek in an interdisciplinary manner. It is obvious that this stream corridor supplies many different types of people- farm, urban and suburban alike. Although people recognize water as a resource, how people recognize that, what interests lay in the conservation of water, and the formation of their idealistic management practices are, in most cases, a reflection of their demographic location as well as their social position. Four Mile CreekÕs watershed is an adequate parcel of land to study how agricultural, urban, and suburban perspectives each relate to interaction with stream. Flowing by small cities, suburbs, and farming communities, it is clear that these perspectives of Four Mile Creek exist. We will explore the results of previous cultural, social, and scientific studies of Four Mile Creek and the surrounding area to strength our own results.

Agricultural, urban, and suburban perspectives will be characterized in a childrenÕs book. Three children, an urban, a suburban, and a farm kid, will be the main characters of the story; they are cousins who are going to their grandmotherÕs house, a home along Four Mile Creek. The children will each interact with the stream differently- analyzing tilling procedures, characterizing sediment loads, using the stream as the means for social equality and counting fish- and will teach each other what they are doing and why they are doing what they are. Throughout, the grandmother will also be teaching the children the historical importance of the creek and how she has seen it change over time.

We hypothesize that because of agricultural and urban runoff, the fish diversity will be more impoverished downstream than upstream. We will attempt to prove or disprove this hypothesis with through chemical testing which will show the effect of the runoff. We will then test the biodiversity of the stream by shocking fish. We believe that human practices, such as salting roadways, are a result of inclement weather and can be seen by increased conductivity in the stream. The chemicals that are deposited on farms and lawns will also result in fluctuating pH levels around the beginning of the planting eason. Sites that are being constructed and farms that are being tilled by humans will result in increased sediment load. Fish will be used as the biological indicator in our study and we feel the presence of fish will be reflective of the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels.

The four of us, Majida, Luke, Sarah, and Melissa, see this project as one that explores the journey of a water molecule through the eyes of children in an interesting interdisciplinary manner. We foresee the book as being an effective manner to portray complicated, yet integrated perspectives of environmental awareness through a medium that is fun, can be used by others, and one that is particularly rewarding to us.

II. Research Relevance

Our project addresses the larger question of how people come to a conclusion of how to manage resources. By using children and a grandmother, we hope to address the division of environmental theories, practices, and mentalities that are seen as a result of the Ògeneration gap.Ó Even though the children are related, the issues that must to be addressed while evaluating the environment will be evident in terms of their global nature.

Innumerable amounts of interdisciplinary studies have conducted for Four Mile Creek, Ohio watersheds, our National Waterways, and around the world. However, our study is one that will shed a new light on a subject that has become cognizant to so many and been deemed extremely important. After all, water is vital to all of us no matter whom we are or where we are.

The following sources will be used in our examination of Four Mile Creek:
Bookchin, Murray. The Philosophy of Social Ecology: Essays on Dialectical Naturalism. Montreal, Canada: Institute of Policy Alternatives of Montreal, 1995.
MurrayÕs book has strong writings on the topic of ecological ethics. The urban character is very interested in this subject matter; therefore, it is important to understand the philosophical and historical context behind ecological ethics. This book seems as though it will be a useful tool for that.
Brown, A.W.A. Ecology of Pesticides. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1978.
This book gives detailed information on the effects that insecticides and herbicides have on fish, birds, and plants.
Deloria and Salisbury. A Companion to American Indian History. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.

This book informs us of the spirituality of Natives both in the past and the present. It will be helpful in writing the perspective of the grandmother.
Garrels, Robert M. et al. Chemical Cycles and the Global Environment: Assessing Human Influences. Los Altos, CA: W. Kaufmann, 1975.
Garrels and his assistants wrote an interdisciplinary book that will be helpful in our chemical assessment of Four Mile Creek.
Gillett, James W. The Biological Impact of Pesticides in the Environment. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State U, 1970.
This book consists of several essays that deal with topics such as the transport and accumulation of pesticides in environments and ecosystems, the impact of the chlorinated hydrocarbons on birds, the effects of pesticides on fish, and the effects of pesticides on the health and neurophysiology of mammals.
James, Keith. Science and Native American Communities: Legacies of Pain, Visions of Promise. University of Nebraska Press, 2001

This collection of essays details the modern Native AmericanÕs experience with the problems of the environment in context of their rich past. These essays, especially ÒWater and Water Quality Issues in and for American Indian CommunitiesÓ will be useful in describing the non-exploitative viewpoint of the grandma.

Kuhnle, Roger A. et al. ÒMeasurement of Sediment Load in Agricultural Watersheds Using Acoustic Technology.Ó Presented at Proceedings, Federal Interagency Workshop,
Sediment Technology for the 21st Century. St. Petersburg, FL: February 17-19, 1998.

A great article to explain the practices of measuring sediment load in the type of area that surrounds Oxford. We hope we will be able to find a SedBed Monitor (SBM), a Suspended Sediment Measurement System (SSMS), or an Acoustic Gravel Transport Sensor (AGTS).
Miller, Alan S. Gaia Connections: An Introduction to Ecology, Ecoethics, and Economics. Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Little Publishers, Inc., 1991.
The urban character is very interested in the Gaia philosophies. We feel as though there are many social and cultural lessons to be learned and understood when speaking from this perspective. This book not only discusses Gaia, but it discusses ÒecoethicsÓ and economics in great detail.
Myer, Christopher A. McCrephyÕs Field. Kirkus Associates, LP, 1991.
This book will be useful tool for our entire group and our project. Below is a description of the book:
After 24-year-old Joe McCrephy leaves his Ohio cornfield to go to Wyoming, nature takes over: weeds and field flowers replace the corn, attracting birds; then young trees begin to grow, providing cover for a different range of wildflowers and creatures. In time, a full-grown forest shelters deer and other woodland creatures for Joe to wonder at when he finally returns as an old man. The simple text, admirably species-specific, is much extended in Chartier's lovely watercolors, where landscapes and most flora are rendered impressionistically but the animals are carefully observed and precisely delineated.
Postel, Sandra. Defusing the Toxics Threat: Controlling Pesticides and Industrial Waste. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch, 1987.
This book provides information on pesticide alternatives, improving industrial waste management, and detoxifying the environment.
Taylor, Dorceta E. ÒThe Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm.Ó American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 43, No. 4, January 2000.
The Taylor article in the course reader is a main reference for discussion on the environmental justice movement. We feel as though this article is useful because it outlines specifics of the historical aspects of the environmental justice movement as a whole, then focuses on the environmental justice paradigmÕs place in this movement. The article also speaks about the topics of framing and social movements, both of which we hope to utilize.
Toy et al. Soil Erosion: Processes, Prediction, Measurement, and Control.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002

This book thoroughly explores the causes of soil erosion and the physical and economic consequences of such. Because of development and the subsequent destruction of the plants and trees that would normally impede erosion, sediment load in rivers increases. This book covers the disastrous effects of erosion including death to animal life and the alteration of entire river systems.
VanDeVeer, Donald. and Christine Pierce. The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, Economics. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1994.
This book does an excellent job of outlining what appears to be every aspect of the environmental movement (its culture, history, and various branches) in great, comprehensible detail. It is a valuable resource because it provides great breadth, as well as depth, on issues of the environment and the ethics behind the movement.
Wilson, Edward O. The Future of Life. New York, New York: Alfred Knopf, 2002.
Wilson incorporates many interesting and useful perspectives into his writing that are useful in our objective. He moves through discussions on religion and the environmental conservation movement to reanalyzing myths concerning environmental policy and legislation. We, above all, hope to utilize his honest perspectives on biodiversity and other trials concerning humans and their relation to the environment.
http://www.population.org.au/pressrm/pub/RetreatfromStabilization.pdf

This Adobe Acrobat file contains a 71-page investigative report that examines participation in environmental organizations and conservation/restoration projects. One aspect that will be particularly important to us is the formula to figure out the total environmental impact on a watershed.

http://www.theoec.org/cwater_comshed_cow.html

This is the Ohio Environmental CouncilÕs website. Watershed principles and laws that will be useful for our project are on this site.

http://www.nwf.org/campusecology/ListProjects.cfm?id=8

The National Wildlife Federation has a database of projects around the country that are happening on college campuses that can be found at this address. It will be helpful to see how others address water quality issues.

http://www.ohiodnr.com/dnap/rivfish/default.htm

This site is helpful in classifying the fish of our exploration of biodiversity.

http://dickshovel.com/mia.html

This site gives information about the history of the Miami Indians

http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/

This United States Geological Society page consists of many ways to incorporate water quality data into a watershed analysis; a must for our project to be successful.

http://www.adopt-a-watershed.org/aawlinks.htm

A site full of links to measure stream health; it also includes a data sharing link that will help us put the context of our project in the terms of other projects.

http://www.wright.edu/academics/ieq/wep.htm

This site is about the restoration and history of the Miami Valley Watershed.
http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/soil/swork4.htm
This website provides information on decreasing soil erosion through strip farming.
http://www.miamiconservancy.org/Water_Resource_Monitoring/Water_Study_Reports/Default.htm
A great deal of information can be gained on the Great Miami watershed. Relating Four Mile Creek, a tributary, to the overall health of the Great Miami will put into perspective the relative health of the stream.
http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html3month/010323.Evans.tillage.html
This article discusses the benefits of no-till drilling. No-till drilling decreases soil erosion.
http://www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/erosion.htm
This website gives a lot of information on soil erosion and techniques to prevent it.
III. Interdisciplinary Approach
This project is interdisciplinary because it integrates scientific, humanistic, and social science aspects of Four Mile Creek in order to increase understanding about the affects humans have on the creek and how the creek affects humans. The scientific dimension of the project includes the chemical aspects of the creek water, the biodiversity of the creek, and an examination of pollution sources and how this affects the creek and the surrounding environment. The humanities dimension of the project includes the childrenÕs book we will produce and the pictures that will be in it. The social dimension of the project includes human relationships to the creek and how these relationships vary by culture, and the history of Four Mile Creek.

IV. Specific Research
Experimental design:
Our experimental design is designed to track human intervention with the stream in the forms of agricultural, urban, and suburban use. We will do this by studying the relationship of water in tests that typically point to human disturbances. Six tests in four sites will be used to determine the results of humans on the Four Mile Creek watershed and ecosystem.
We are testing four sites on the creek. They are as follows: upstream near the dam at Acton Lake, one right before Oxford, and one downstream from Oxford
1. Upstream where Acton Lake beginsÑThis site is before a major engineered structure (the dam) and before a major town.
2. Before the Water Treatment Plant in Bachelor Preserve- See the health of the aqueous system after it has traveled a while through Miami and before it is removed by the City of Oxford. This site will be the most affected by Oxford.
3. Behind the Water Treatment Plant right after water has been removed- Having a test site here will allow us to examine if the plant is screening the water (for sediments) as the water is being removed. This site will show us how well the City of Oxford cleans up the contaminants it contributes to the stream.
We are conducting six scientific tests at the given number of samplings.
1. Sediment load (x4) - If we can find a SedBed Monitor (SBM), a Suspended Sediment Measurement System (SSMS) or an Acoustic Gravel Transport Sensor (AGTS) within the University we would prefer to use one of these sophisticated systems. If they are not available, however, we can measure by doing the typical geometric calculations and observing a small sample. Sediment Load = Amount of sediment in sample x Volume of the Creek.
2. Riparian Zone Width (x1 unless there is visible destruction) - We want to see how the size of the riparian zone relates to land use. This will be done by marking off plots and measuring the length that is perpendicular to the stream. We will do this in three places for each site and take an average.
3. pH level (x4) Ð Testing pH with by a probed instrument will greatly decrease the risk of experimental error as long as probe membranes are kept in an aqueous, saline solution between testing. pH will be used as our main indicator for the presence of agricultural pesticides.
4. Conductivity (x4)- The human intervention of chemicals used on the streets, in lawns, and on farm land will be revealed in this test. We will use a conductivity meter or probe depending on what instruments are available to us through Miami University.
5. Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD (x4)- This refers to the Òamount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organics in one liter of water were oxidized by bacteria and protozoa (ReVelle and ReVelle, 1988). The first step in measuring BOD is to obtain equal volumes of water from the area to be tested and dilute each specimen with a known volume of distilled water which has been thoroughly shaken to insure oxygen saturation. After this, an oxygen meter is used to determine the concentration of oxygen within one of the vials. The remaining vial is than sealed and placed in darkness and tested five days later. BOD is then determined by subtracting the second meter reading from the first. The range of possible readings can vary considerably: water from an exceptionally clear lake might show a BOD of less than 2 ml/L of water. Raw sewage may give readings in the hundreds and food processing wastes may be in the thousands.Ó (Source of this information: http://agen521.www.ecn.purdue.edu/AGEN521/epadir/wetlands/oxygen_demand.html).
6. Index Fish (x1)- We will use the fish shocker on all four sites to test the fish in the stream. Fish identification will give us a biotic component to our study. The characters of the book will also appreciate a biotic study since they are generally the most fun to conduct.
Characters of the book-the cultural and social component of the book:
Grandmother- At the hub of the four characters is the elderly grandma. Sarah will be developing her history and memories, which are intrinsically intertwined with the ever-changing creek, give context to the recent ÒdiscoveriesÓ made by the children. In a voice of wisdom born not only from her years, but also her Native American (Twightwee) roots, she will narrate the story of the creek. She will incorporate the non-exploitative viewpoint into the reality of the use of the land for survival by showing alternative methods used by Native Americans today. Such methods such as those in agriculture are outlined in JamesÕ Science and Native American Communities. Looking at the broader picture, she will talk of biodiversity, both in her personal experiences (such as cooking the fish her husband caught in the creek) and its wider cultural and environment significance. Through traditional wisdom, modern scientific knowledge and the wisdom of age she will inform the children of the significance of their explorations of the creek.
Urban child- The character that Majida is constructing for our Rivers Student Generated Research Project comes from an urban environment, either Chicago or New York. She goes to visit her grandmother who lives in the Four-Mile Creek area as part of her familyÕs summer vacation. Along with two of her other cousins, she embarks on a learning experience that incorporates her own personal urban background which has a strong influence on her socio-economic and political perspectives on the environment. Her mindset and nature is that of an activist. She has a strong passion for her familyÕs history and in the preservation of the area that her parents, aunts, and uncles grew up in.
The issues that she will address are those concerning the philosophies and practices of the environmental justice movement as well as studies on environmental ethics and utilitarianism. Since this character is young and comes from a large urban environment, she has a na•ve, utopian view of the Òwilderness.Ó She loves the philosophies of Gaia and longs for the planet to change back to the way that it Òused to be.Ó
Some of her major scientific concerns deal with dams, winter salt runoff, and other nature versus technological advances and human comfort issues. Therefore, experiments that will be performed around her story line will deal with these issues.
Suburban child- Melissa will be developing the character of this teenage boy that is interested in nature, the environment, and how humans affect it. He was captivated by a headline in his local paper from a suburb of Albany, New York. Part of his fascination resides in the fact that the landscape in Adirondacks, which are close to where he lives, is being decimated by burning OhioÕs coal. Therefore, when his mother informs him that he is to spend the summer with his grandmother he starts contemplating different research ideas. He is full of energy to make a difference and doesnÕt see all the hoops that one must jump through to convert environmental awareness into a change in the lay personÕs thought processes.
Awareness and drive are the two major characteristics of this character. How is the Ohio urban sprawl affecting places elsewhere along with the creek? He wants to make his chemical research, concentrating on conductivity and pH levels, as well as geomorphic studies of the coal that is causing the pollution in New York into something that affects legislation. Meeting with Congressmen in Ohio and New York are two of his main goals.
Farm child- Luke will be writing from the perspective of a child that grew up in an agricultural area. Land use and health of the land for agricultural and biological reasons are this childÕs main concerns. Exploration of pesticides is of great importance to this character, too- conventional vs. non-conventional pesticide.
Another aspect that this character will be exploring is the difference in generational perspectives toward the environment, in terms of stewardship and the relationship between the human being and nature.

V. Materials and Methods

Working Together:

The members of our group will work in concordance with each other in order to complete an interesting and informative report about Four Mile Creek. The presentation of suchÑin book formatÑwhich has been previously detailed, will be presented through four unique characters from varying backgrounds and perspectives. Each member of our group is responsible for a character; however each character and their corresponding topic will be intertwined with the others. We will meet weekly, in accordance to our timeline, in order to perform scientific testing, to proofread selections of the book, and to share ideas.

Analysis:

Our scientific analyses will be statistically analyzed using StatView 4.0; the collected data will also be available in appendices at the end of the story. These tables and their subsequent graphs will be created on Microsoft Excel. We will compare our results to scientific studies that have been done in similar areas, as well as studies within our area that utilize the same methods of our study. The purpose of the latter is to ensure the relevancy of our data and results extrapolated from our data.

Timeline:
Week of February 24th-
o 1st testing date. Testing will occur every Tuesday through the 25th of March.
Week of March 3rd-
o Trip to the library to get geological deposition maps
o Start writing outline to book. Each individual should write at least half of their section (based on information that is gathered up until this point).
Week of March 10th- SPRING BREAK
Week of March 17th-
o Bring written individual parts together for analysis.
o Individual revision of paper.
o Discussion of illustration.
Week of March 24th-
o Finalize decisions on illustrations.
o Individuals should write other half of their section.
Week of March 31st-
o Finish testing (April 1st).
o Finish writing sections (through April 14th).
Week of April 14th-
o Complete illustrations.
o Complete book format (cover, etc.)
o Bring together for final group analysis.

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